ὑπό (i. e. Latinsub (Curtius, § 393)), preposition, under, in secular authors used with the genitive, dative, and accusative, but in the N. T. with the genitive and accusative only. (On the use and the omission of elision with it before words beginning with a vowel, see WH’s Appendix, p. 146{b}; Tdf Proleg., p. 4, (addenda et emendanda).)

I. with the genitive (cf. Winers Grammar, 364 (342), 368f, (346); Buttmann, § 147, 29), it is used:

1. properly, in a local sense, of situation or position under something higher, as ὑπό χτονος, often from Homer down; ὁ ἐπί γῆς καί ὑπό γῆς χρυσός, Plato, legg. 5, p. 728 a.; hence,

2. metaphorically, of the efficient cause, as that under the power of which an event is conceived of as being; here the Latin uses ἆ or ἀβ, and the English by; thus a. after passive verbs — with the genitive of a person: Mat 1:22; Mat 2:15; Mar 1:5; Mar 2:3; ( L T Tr WH); Luk 2:18; ( Rec.); Joh 10:14 R G; ; Act 4:11; Act 15:4; ( L T Tr WH); Rom 15:15 (R G L); 1Co 1:11; 2Co 1:4; 2Co 1:16; Gal 1:11; Eph 2:11; Php 3:12; 1Th 1:4; 2Th 2:13; Heb 3:4, and in many other passages; φωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης ὑπό τῆς μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης, when a voice was brought by the majestic glory (cf. R. V. marginal reading), i. e. came down to him from God, 2Pe 1:17; after γίνομαι, to be done, effected, Luk 9:7 R L in brackets; Luk 13:17; Luk 23:8; Eph 5:12; γίνεται τίνι ἐπιβουλή, Act 20:3; ἡ ἐπιτιμία ἡ ὑπό τῶν πλειόνων, namely, ἐπιτιμηθεισα, 2Co 2:6; — with the genitive of a thing: Mat 8:24; Mat 11:7; Mat 14:24; Luk 7:24; Luk 8:14 (see πορεύω, at the end); Joh 8:9; Act 27:41; Rom 3:21; Rom 12:21; 1Co 10:29; 2Co 5:4; Eph 5:13; Col 2:18; Jas 1:14; Jas 2:9; Jas 3:4; Jas 3:6; 2Pe 2:7; 2Pe 2:17; Jud 1:12; Rev 6:13.

b. with neuter verbs, and with active verbs which carry a passive meaning: πάσχειν ὑπό τίνος, Mat 17:12; Mar 5:26; 1Th 2:14 (Homer, Iliad 11, 119; Thucydides 1, 77; Xenophon, symp. 1, 9; Cyril 6, 1, 36; Hier. 7, 8); ἀπολέσθαι, to perish, 1Co 10:9 f (very often in secular authors from Herodotus 3, 32 on); ὑπομένειν τί, Heb 12:3 (cf. ἀντιλογία, 2); λαμβάνειν namely, πληγάς, to be beaten, 2Co 11:24; after a term purely active, of a force by which something is bidden to be done: ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῤομφαία καί ὑπό τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς, by the wild beasts, Rev 6:8 (cf. 9:18 Rec.) (so ὠλεσε θυμόν ὑφ’ Ἐκτορος, Homer, Iliad 17, 616; cf. Matthiae, ii., p. 1393; (Buttmann, 341 (293))).

II. with the accusative (Winer’s Grammar, § 49, k.);

1. of motion, in answer to the question ’whither?’: to come ὑπό τήν στέγην, Mat 8:8; Luk 7:6; ἐπισυνάγειν, Mat 23:37; Luk 13:34; with verbs of putting or placing: Mat 5:15; Mar 4:21; Luk 11:33; 1Co 15:25; of placing under or subjecting, Luk 7:8; Rom 7:14; Rom 16:20; 1Co 15:27; Gal 3:22; Gal 4:3; Eph 1:22; 1Pe 5:6; ἔχω τινα ὑπ’ ἐμαυτόν, Mat 8:9; Luk 7:8, γίνεσθαι, born under i. e. subject to, Gal 4:4; of falling, tropically, Jas 5:12 (where Rst εἰς ὑπκρισιν).

2. of situation, position, tarrying: after κατασκηνοῦν, Mar 4:32; κάθημαι, Jas 2:3; with the verb εἶναι: (to and under) in a local or proper sense, Joh 1:48(49); Act 4:12; Rom 3:13; 1Co 10:1; ἡ ὑπό (τόν) ὀυρνανος namely, χώρα, Luk 17:24; πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπό τόν οὐρανοῦ, namely, οὔσῃ, Col 1:23; τά ὑπό τόν οὐρανόν namely, ὄντα, Act 2:5 (τά ὑπό σελήνην, Philo de vit. Moys. ii., § 12); εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τί, to be under, i. e. subject to the power of, any person or thing: Rom 3:9; Rom 6:14-15; 1Co 9:20; Gal 3:10; Gal 3:25; Gal 4:2; Gal 4:21; Gal 5:18; 1Ti 6:1; ὑπό ἐξουσίαν namely, ὤν, Mat 8:9 (where L WH brackets read ὑπό ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος (set under authority), so also the Sinaiticus manuscript); οἱ ὑπό νόμον, namely, ὄντες, 1Co 9:20; Gal 4:5 (ὑπό ἐκπληξιν εἶναι, Protevangelium Jacobi, 18). τηρεῖν τινα, Jud 1:6; φρουρεῖσθαι, Gal 3:23.

3. of time, like the Latinsub (cf.sub vespe. ram), equivalent to about (see examples from the Greek writings in Passow, p. 2111{a}; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. III.)): ὑπό τόν ὄρθρον, about daybreak, Act 5:21. This preposition occurs with the accusative nowhere else in the N. T. The apostle John uses it only twice with the genitive (Joh 14:21; 3Jn 1:12 — three times, if Joh 10:14 R G is counted (cf. Joh 8:9)), and once with the accusative (Joh 1:48 (49)).

III. in Composition ὑπό denotes:

1. locality, under: ὑποκάτω, ὑποπόδιον, ὑπωπιάζω, ὑποδέω; of the goal of motion, i. e. ὑπό τί, as ὑποδέχομαι (under one’s roof); ὑπολαμβάνω (to receive by standing under); ὑποβάλλω, ὑποτίθημι; tropically, in expressions of subjection, compliance, etc., as ὑπακούω, ὑπακοή, ὑπηκως, ὑπόδικος, ὕπανδρος, ὑπάγω, ὑπολείπω, ὑποχωρέω.

2. small in degree, slightly, as ὑποπνέω.