BDB4155
כִּפֶּר verb Pi`el etc. denominative cover over (figurative), pacify, make propitiation; —
Pi`el
Perfect
כִּפֶּר
Exod 30:10
+ 31 t.; 2 masculine singular suffix כִּפַּרְתָּ֑הוּ
Ezek 43:20
3 masculine plural יְכַפְּרוּ
Ezek 43:26
2 masculine plural כִּפַּרְתֶּם
Ezek 45:20
Imperfect
יְכַפֵּר
Exod 30:10
+ 10 t.; יְכַפֶּרֿ
Lev 7:7; Num 5:8 suffix
יְכַפְּרֶנָּה
Prov 16:14
1 singular אֲכַפֵּר
2Sam 21:3
אֲכַפְּרָה
Gen 32:21;
Exod 32:30,
etc.; Imperative
כַּפֵּר
Deut 21:8 + 4
t.; Infinitive
כַּפֵּר
Exod 30:15
+ 28 t.; suffixes כַּפְּרִי
Ezek 16:63
כַּפֶּרְךָ
Exod 29:36
כַּפְּרָהּ
Isa 47:11
—
1.
cover over, pacify, propitiate; אֲכַפָּרָה פָנָיו בַּמִּנְחָה
Gen 32:21
let me cover his face by the present (so that he does not see the offence, i.e.
pacify, him;
E
; RSOTJC, 2d ed., 381 'wipe clean the face,'
blackened by displeasure, as the Arabs say 'whiten the face'); לֹא תוּכְלִי כַּפְּרָהּוְתִפֹּל
עָלַיִךְ הֹוָה
Isa 47:11
and disaster will fall upon thee, thou wilt not be able to propitiate it (by payment
of a כֹּפֶר, see Isa 43:3); pacify the wrath of a king Prov 16:14 (e.g. by a gift).
2.
cover over, atone for sin, without sacrifice :
a. man as subject,
בַּמָּה אֲכַפֵּר
2Sam 21:3
, with what shall I cover over (namely, the bloodguiltiness of the house of Saul,
says David The answer is by a death penalty of seven sons of the guilty house); חטאתכםבְּעַד
Exod 32:30
on behalf of your sins (
J
E
; Moses, by intercession); with על of persons Num 17:11; Num 17:12 (
P
; by incense), Num 25:13 (
P
when Phinehas slays the ringleaders).
b. with God as subject, with accusative
of person, cover, i.e. treat as covered, view propitiously, Yahweh's land Deut 32:43
(song); לְ person Deut 21:8 (bloodguiltiness flows away in the stream), Ezek 16:63
בְּעַד of person 2Chr 30:18 with accusative of the sin
Ps 65:4;
Ps 78:38
, probably also Dan 9:24
ׅ || ( חטאתח֯תם; עַל of sin, Ps 79:9; Jer 18:23
ׅ || ( מחה. It is conceived that God in his sovereignty may himself
provide an atonement or covering for men and their sins which could not be provided by men.
3.
cover over, atone for sin and persons by legal rites, in the codes of
H
,
P
, and Ezekiel: absolute הַכֹּהֵן
׳
וכ
and the priest shall make atonement
Lev 16:32
a. with accusative of sacred places (by the great sin-offering of the day of
atonement),
Lev 16:20; Lev 16:33 (twice in verse); also Ezek 43:20; Ezek
43:26; Ezek 45:20
(by the blood of the sin-offering || חִטֵּא, טִהַר).
b. usually c. עַל (I) of things, e.g. of the altar to which the blood
of the
sin-offering was applied Exod 29:36; Exod 29:37; Exod 30:10; Lev 8:15
ׅ || ( קִדַּשׁ, Lev 16:18 and specifically the horns of the altar
Exod
30:10
the holy place of the tabernacle Lev 16:16 (by the great sin-offering, because of (
מִן ׅ
the uncleannesses of thechildren of Israel and because of their transgressions); for the
leprous
house by ceremony of purification Lev 14:53
ׅ || ( טִהַר; for the goat לעזאזל
Lev 16:10
(which was presented before Yahweh to consecrate him for the bearing away of the sins of the
people).
(2) of persons, נפשׁתיכם עלֿ, for your persons, yourselves, e.g.
by
the payment of atonement-money כֶּסֶף הַכִּפֻּרִים at the census Exod 30:15; Exod 30:16
by the קרבן of the spoils Num 31:50 by the blood upon the altar Lev 17:11
in the ritual עֲלֵיהֶם, עָלָיו by ministry of priest through the blood
of
the sin-offering
Lev 4:20;
Lev 4:31;
Lev 8:34; Lev 10:17; Lev 12:7; Lev 12:8; Lev 14:19; Lev 14:31
; Lev
16:30
;
Lev
16:33;
Lev 23:28;
Num 8:12;
Num 8:21; Num 15:25; Num 15:28 (twice in verse);
Num 28:22
;
Num
28:30;
Num 29:5; 2Chr 29:24; Neh 10:34 of the trespass-offering Lev 5:16;
Lev 5:18
; Lev 5:26
;
Lev 7:7;
Lev 14:21
; Lev
19:22
; Num 5:8
the whole burnt-offering
Lev 1:4; Lev 14:20; Lev 16:24 by the oil used in purifying a leper Lev 14:18
; Lev
14:29
by the תרומה
Ezek
45:15
by the priestly ministry in general 1Chr 6:34 by the substitution of the Levites for the
firstborn
Num 8:19
.
Underlying all these offerings there is the conception that the persons offering are covered by that
which
is regarded as sufficient and satisfactory by Yahweh. (The purpose of the covering is stated Lev 16:30
תִּטְהָ֑רוּיְכַפֵּר
׳
עֲלֵיכֶם לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל חַטּאֹתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי י = shall atonement be
made
for you to cleanse you, from all your sins shall ye be clean before Yahweh, and Num 8:21
וַיְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם לְטַהֲרָם
and (Aaron) made atonement for them to cleanse
them.)
c. the need of the atonement is expressed by מִן
:
others understand מִן as = away from; compare
Di
Lev 4:26
, RiSühne 50 f. מֵחטאתו
because of his sin
Lev 4:26
;
Lev 5:6;
Lev 5:10
;
Lev 16:34
מטמאתו
Lev 14:19
;
Lev 16:16
מזוב
Lev 15:15
;
Lev 15:30
מֵאֲשֶׁר חָטָא
Num 6:11
also
עַל
עַלחַֿטָּאתוֺ
on account of his sin
Lev 4:35
;
Lev 5:13
;
Lev 19:22
עלשֿׁגגתוֺ
Lev 5:18
.
d. with בְּ instrumental בְּאֵיל
Lev 5:16;
Lev 19:22
;
Num 5:8
with a trespass-offering Lev 7:7
כִּיהּהַדָּם הוּא בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַפֵּר
Lev 17:11
for it is the blood with the living being that covers over (
H
, see
נפשׁ
3 (a);
RV
by reason of the life after De
Di
Kn
Bähr
Kau and most moderns;
AV
follows
ᵐ5
ᵑ9
.
ᵑ7
. so Ges
Ew§ 282 a. Anm. 1 :
' for the soul '); with בְּ local בַּקֹּדֶשׁ
Lev 6:23;
Lev 16:17
;
Lev 16:27
.
e. with בַּעַד person, on behalf of
Lev 9:7 (twice
in
verse); Lev 16:6
; Lev 16:11
;
Lev 16:17
;
Lev 16:24
(by Aaron),
Ezek 45:17 (by the prince).
Pu`al
Perfect
כֻּפַּר
Exod 29:33
; Isa
28:18 (but read תֻּפַר, — √ I. פרר, — so
ᵑ7
. Hu We
Che
SS and others see BrMP 209
); Imperfect
יְכֻפַּר
Num 35:33
+ 3 t.; 3 feminine singular תְּכֻפָּ֑ר
Isa 6:7
be covered over, atoned for.
1. apart from the ritual, חטאתך תכפר
Isa 6:7 thy
sin shall be covered over ( || וְסָר עֲוֺנֶךָ; by the touch of the
live coal from the altar); לָכֶםאִםיְֿכֻפַּר הֶעָוֺן הַזֶּה
Isa 22:14
surely this iniquity shall not be covered over; with בְּ
instrumental בזאת יכפר עון
Isa 27:9
by this shall the iniquity of Jacob be covered over (||
הָסר חטאתו namely by the destruction of idolatrous objects); עוןבחסד יאמת יכפר
Prov 16:6
by mercy and fidelity iniquity is covered over.
2. with לְ
for whom, לארץ לא יכפר לדם
Num 35:33
for the land atonement cannot be made, in view of the blood shed in it, except by the
blood of the shedder of blood; in the ritual of
P
, with בְּ instrumental אֲשֶׁר כֻּפַּר בָּהֶם
Exod 29:33
wherewith atonement was made (ram of consecration).
Hithpa`el
Imperfect
יִתְכַּפֵּר
1Sam 3:14
with בְּ instrumental יִתְכַּפֵּר עֲוֺן בֵּיתעֵֿלִי בְּזֶבַח וּבְמִנְחָה
אִםֿ
the iniquity of the house of Eli shall not be covered by peace offering or minchah
(in other words there was no atonement for it; compare Punic Isa 22:14).
Niph`al
Perfect
וְנִכַּפֵּר לָהֶם הַדָּם
Deut 21:8
and the blood shall be covered for them.