ὁ, ἡ, τό, originally τος, τῇ, τό (as is evident from the forms τοι, ται for οἱ, αἱ in Homer and the Ionic writings), corresponds to our definite article the (German der, die, das), which is properly a demonstrative pronoun, which we see in its full force in Homer, and of which we find certain indubitable traces also in all kinds of Greek prose, and hence also in the N. T.

I. As a demonstrative pronoun; Latinhic, hacc, hoc; German der, die, das, emphatic; cf. Winers Grammar, § 17, 1; Buttmann, 101f (89f);

1. in the words of the poet Aratus, τοῦ γάρ καί γένος ἐσμεν, quoted by Paul in Act 17:28.

2. in prose, where it makes a partition or distributes into parts: ὁ μέν ... ὁ δέ, that ... this, the one ... the other: Mat 13:23 R G Tr (here the division is threefold); Gal 4:23 (here L WH Tr marginal reading brackets μέν); οἱ μέν ... οἱ δέ, Act 28:24; Php 1:16 f; οἱ μέν ... ὁ δέ, Hebrews 7:5f, 20 (21), 23f; τούς μέν ... τούς δέ, Mar 12:5 R G; Eph 4:11; οἱ μέν ... ἄλλοι δέ (Lclnn. οἱ δέ) ... ἕτεροι δέ, Mat 16:14 cf. Joh 7:12; τινες followed by οἱ δέ, Act 17:18; ὅς (see ὅς I.) μέν followed by ὁ δέ, Rom 14:2; οἱ δέ stands as though οἱ μέν had preceded, Mat 26:67; Mat 28:17.

3. in narration, when either two persons or two parties are alternately placed in opposition to each other and the discourse turns from one to the other; ὁ δέ, but he, and he (German er aber): Mat 2:14; Mat 4:4; Mat 21:29; Mar 1:45; Mar 12:15; Luk 8:21; Luk 8:30; Luk 8:48; Luk 22:10; Luk 22:34; Joh 9:38, and very often; plural, Mat 2:5; Mat 2:9; Mat 4:20; Mar 12:14 (R G L marginal reading), 16 (L brackets οἱ δέ); Luk 7:4; Luk 20:5; Luk 20:12; Luk 22:9; Luk 22:38; Luk 22:71; Act 4:21; Act 12:15, and often; οἱ μέν οὖν, in the Acts alone: Act 1:6; Act 5:41; Act 15:3; Act 15:30; ὁ μέν οὖν, .

II. As the definite or prepositive article (to be distinguished from the postpositive article — as it is called when it has the force of a relative pronoun, like the German der, die, das, examples of which use are not found in the N. T.), whose use in the N. T. is explained at length by Winers Grammar, §§ 18-20; Buttmann, 85 (74ff); (Green, p. 5ff). As in all languages the article serves to distinguish things, persons, notions, more exactly, it is prefixed

1. to substantives that have no modifier; and a. those that designate a person or a thing that is the only one of its kind; the article thus distinguishes the same from all other persons or things, as ὁ ἥλιος, ὁ οὐρανός, ἡ γῆ, ἡ θάλασσα, ὁ Θεός, ὁ λόγος (Joh 1:1 f), ὁ διάβολος, τό φῶς, ἡ σκοτία, ἡ ζωή, ὁ θάνατος, etc.

b. appellative names of persons and things definite enough in themselves, or made so by the context, or sufficiently well-known from history; thus, to the names of virtues and vices, as ἡ δικαιοσύνη, ἡ σοφία, ἡ δύναμις, ἡ ἀλήθεια, etc. ὁ ἐρχόμενος, the well-known personage who is to come, i. e. the Messiah, Mat 11:3; Luk 7:19; ὁ προφήτης, the (promised and expected) prophet, Joh 1:21; Joh 7:40; ἡ σωτηρία, the salvation which all good men hope for, i. e. the Messianic salvation: ἡ γραφή, etc.; ἡ νεφέλη, the cloud (well known from the O. T.), 1Co 10:1 f; τούς ἀγγέλους, Jas 2:25; τῷ ἐκτρώματι, 1Co 15:8. to designations of eminent personages: ὁ υἱός τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὁ υἱός τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (see υἱός); ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, Joh 3:10; cf. Fritzsche on Mark, p. 613. The article is applied to the repeated name of a person or thing already mentioned or indicated, and to which the reader is referred, as τούς μάγους, Mat 2:7; Mat 1:1-25; οἱ ἀσκοί, Mat 9:17: οἱ δαίμονες, Mat 8:31 cf. Mat 8:28; τήν ὄνον καί τόν πῶλον, Mat 21:7, cf. Mat 21:2, and countless other examples The article is used with names of things not yet spoken of, in order to show that definite things are referred to, to be distinguished from others of the same kind and easily to be known from the context; as τά βρέφη, the babes belonging to the people of that place, Luk 18:15; ἀπό τῶν δένδρων, namely, which were there, Mat 21:8; τῷ ἱερεῖ, to the priest whose duty it will be to examine thee, when thou comest, Mat 8:4; Mar 1:44; Luk 5:14; τό πλοῖον, the ship which stood ready to carry them over, Mat 8:23 (R G T, cf. Mat 8:18); (R G); (R G); τό ὄρος, the mountain near the place in question (der an Ort u. Stelle befindliche Berg) (But some commentators still regard τό ὄρος as used here generically or Hebraistically like ἡ ὀρεινῇ, the mountain region or the highlands, in contrast with the low country (cf. the Sept. Jos 17:16; Jos 20:7; Gen 19:17; Gen 19:19, etc.); cf. Lightfoot ’Fresh Revision’ etc., p. 111f; Weiss, Matthäusevangelium, p. 129 note; and in Meyer’s Mat 7:1-29 te Aufl.), Mat 5:1; Mar 3:13; Luk 9:28; Joh 6:3; Joh 6:15 (1Ma 9:38; 1Ma 9:40); ἡ οἰκία, the house in which (Jesus) was wont to lodge, Mat 9:10; Mat 9:28; Mat 13:36; Mat 17:25; ὑπό τόν μόδιον, namely, that is in the house, Mat 5:15; also ἐπί τήν λυχνίαν, ibid.; ἐν τῇ φάτνη, in the manger of the stable of the house where they were lodging, Luk 2:7 R G; ὁ ἔπαινος, the praise of which he is worthy, 1Co 4:5; so everywhere in the doxologies: ἡ δόξα τό κράτος, 1Pe 4:11; Rev 5:13, etc.

c. The article prefixed to the plural often either includes all and every one of those who by the given name are distinguished from other things having a different name — as οἱ ἀστέρες, Mat 24:29; Mar 13:25; αἱ ἀλωτεκες, Mat 8:20; Luk 9:58, etc.; — or defines the class alone, and thus indicates that the whole class is represented by the individuals mentioned, however many and whosoever they may be; as in οἱ Φαρισαῖοι, οἱ γραμματεῖς, οἱ τελῶναι, οἱ ἄνθρωποι people, the multitude (German die Leute); οἱ ἀετοί, Mat 24:28; τοῖς κυσίν, Mat 7:6.

d. The article prefixed to the singular sometimes so defines only the class, that all and every one of those who bear the name are brought to mind; thus, ὁ ἄνθρωπος, Mat 15:11; ὁ ἐθνικός καί τελώνης, Mat 18:17; ὁ ἐργάτης, Luk 10:7; 1Ti 5:18; ὁ μεσίτης, Gal 3:20; ὁ κληρονόμος, Gal 4:1; ὁ δίκαιος, Rom 1:17; Heb 10:38; τά σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου, the signs required of anyone who claims to be an apostle, 2Co 12:12, and ether examples e. The article is prefixed to the nominative often put for the vocative in addresses (cf. Winers Grammar, § 29, 2; Buttmann, § 129 a. 5): χαῖρε ὁ βασιλεύς τῶν Ἰουδαίων (properly, σύ ὁ βασιλεύς, thou who art the king), Joh 19:3; ναί, ὁ πατήρ, Mat 11:26; ἄγε νῦν οἱ πλούσιοι, κλαύσατε, Jas 5:1; οὐρανέ καί οἱ ἅγιοι, Rev 18:20; add, Mar 5:41; Mar 10:47; Luk 12:32; Luk 18:11; Luk 18:13; Joh 8:10; Joh 20:28; Act 13:41; Rom 8:15; Eph 5:14; Eph 5:22; Eph 5:25; Eph 6:1; Eph 6:4; Rev 12:12.

f. The Greeks employ the article, where we abstain from its use, before nouns denoting things that pertain to him who is the subject of discourse: εἶπε or φησί μεγάλη τῇ φωνή, Act 14:10 (R G); (Pro 26:25); γυνή προσευχομένη ... ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλή, 1Co 11:5; especially in the expression ἔχειν τί, when the object and its adjective, or what is equivalent to an adjective, denotes a part of the body or something else which naturally belongs to anyone (as in French,il a les epaules larges); so, ἐήξειν τήν χεῖρα ξηράν, Mat 12:10 R G; Mar 3:1; τό πρόσωπον ὡς ἀνθρώπου ((Rec. ἄνθρωπος)), Rev 4:7; τά αἰσθητήρια γεγυμνασμένα, Heb 5:14; ἀπαράβατον τήν ἱερωσύνην, Heb 7:24; τήν κατοίκησιν κτλ., Mar 5:3; τήν εἰς ἑαυτούς ἀγάπην ἐκτενῆ, 1Pe 4:8. Cf. Grimm on 2Ma 3:25. the genitive of a person pronoun αὐτοῦ, ὑμῶν, is added to the substantive: Mat 3:4; Mar 8:17; Rev 2:18; 1Pe 2:12, cf. Eph 1:18; cf. Winers Grammar, § 18, 2; (Buttmann, § 125,5).

g. Proper Names sometimes have the article and sometimes are anarthrous; cf. Winers Grammar, § 18, 5 and 6; Buttmann, § 124, 3 and 4; (Green, p. 28f); α. as respects names of Persons, the person without the article is simply named, but with the article is marked as either well known or as already mentioned; thus we find Ἰησοῦς and ὁ Ἰησοῦς, Παῦλος and ὁ Παῦλος, etc. Πιλᾶτος has the article everywhere in John’s Gospel and also in Mark’s Gospel, if Mar 15:43 (in R G L) be excepted (but T Tr WH insert the article there also); Τίτος is everywhere anarthrous. Indeclinable names of persons in the oblique cases almost always have the article, unless the case is made evident by a preposition: τῷ Ἰωσήφ, Mar 15:45; τόν Ἰακώβ καί τόν Ἠσαῦ, Heb 11:20, and many other examples, especially in the genealogies, Mat 1:1 ff; Luk 3:23; but where perspicuity does not require the article, it is omitted also in the oblique cases, as τῶν υἱῶν Ἰωσήφ, Heb 11:21; τῶν υἱῶν Αμμωρ, Act 7:16; ὁ Θεός Ἰσαάκ, Mat 22:32; Act 7:32; ὅταν ὄψησθε Ἀβραάμ καί Ἰσαάκ ... καί πάντας τούς προφήτας, Luk 13:28. The article is commonly omitted with personal proper names to which is added an apposition indicating the race, country, office, rank, surname, or something else, (cf. Matthiae, § 274): let the following suffice as examples: Ἀβραάμ ὁ πατήρ ἡμῶν, Joh 8:56; Rom 4:1; Ἰάκωβον τόν τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καί Ἰωάννην τόν ἀδελφόν αὐτοῦ, Mat 4:21; Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνή, Mat 27:56, etc.; Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής, Mat 3:1; ἡροδης ὁ τετράρχης, Luk 9:7; Ἰησοῦς ὁ λεγόμενος Χριστός, Mat 1:16; Σαῦλος δέ ὁ καί Παῦλος namely, καλούμενος, Act 13:9; Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ, Mar 14:3; Βαρτιμαῖος ὁ τυφλός, Mar 10:46 (R G); Ζαχαριου τοῦ ἀπολομένου, Luk 11:51. But there are exceptions also to this usage ὁ δέ ἡροδης ὁ τετράρχης, Luk 3:19; τόν Σαούλ, υἱόν Κίς, Act 13:21; in the opening of the Epistles: Παῦλος ἀπόστολος, Rom 1:1; 1Co 1:1, etc. β. Proper names of countries and region s have the article far more frequently than those of cities and towns, for the reason that most names of countries, being derived from adjectives, get the force of substantives only by the addition of the article, as ἡ Ἀχαΐα (but cf. 2Co 9:2), ἡ Γαλατία, ἡ Γαλιλαία, ἡ Ἰταλία, ἡ Ἰουδαία, ἡ Μακεδονία (but cf. Rom 15:26; 1Co 16:5), etc. Only Αἴγυπτος, if Act 7:11 L T Tr WH be excepted, is everywhere anarthrous. The names of cities, especially when joined to prepositions, particularly ἐν, εἰς and ἐκ, are without the article; but we find ἀπό (R G ἐκ) τῆς Ῥώμης in Act 18:2. γ. Names of rivers and streams have the article in Mat 3:13; Mar 1:5; Luk 4:1; Luk 13:4; Joh 1:28; τοῦ Κεδρών, Joh 18:1 G L Tr marginal reading

2. The article is prefixed to substantives expanded and more precisely defined by modifiers;

a. to nouns accompanied by a genitive of the pronouns μου, σου, ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτοῦ, ἑαυτῶν, αὐτῶν: Mat 1:21; Mat 1:25; Mat 5:45; Mat 6:10-12; Mat 12:49; Mar 9:17; Luk 6:27; Luk 10:7; Luk 16:6; Act 19:25 (L T Tr WH ἡμῖν); Rom 4:19; Rom 6:6, and in numberless other places; it is rarely omitted, as in Mat 19:28; Luk 1:72; Luk 2:32; 2Co 8:23; Jas 5:20, etc.; cf. Buttmann, § 127, 27.

b. The possessive pronouns ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος, joined to substantives (if Joh 4:34 be excepted) always take the article, and John generally puts them after the substantive (ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμή, Joh 5:30; ὁ λόγος ὁ σός, ; κοινωνία ἡ ἡμετέρα, 1Jn 1:3; ὁ καιρός ὁ ὑμέτερος, Joh 7:6), very rarely between the article and the substantive (τοῖς ἐμοῖς ῤήμασιν, Joh 5:47; ἡ ἐμή διδαχή, ; τήν σήν λαλιάν, ), yet this is always done by the other N. T. writings, Mat 18:20; Mar 8:38; Luk 9:26; Act 24:6 (Rec.); ; Rom 3:7, etc.

c. When adjectives are added to substantives, either the adjective is placed between the article and the substantive — as τό ἴδιον φορτίον, Gal 6:5; ὁ ἀγαθός ἄνθρωπος, Mat 12:35; τήν δικαίαν κρίσιν, Joh 7:24; ἡ ἀγαθή μερίς, Luk 10:42; τό ἅγιον πνεῦμα, Luk 12:10; Act 1:8; ἡ αἰώνιος ζωή, Joh 17:3, and many other examples; — or the adjective preceded by an article is placed after the substantive with its article, as τό πνεῦμα τό ἅγιον, Mar 3:29; Joh 14:26; Act 1:16; Heb 3:7; Heb 9:8; Heb 10:15; ἡ ζωή αἰώνιος, 1Jn 1:2; 1Jn 2:25; ὁ ποιμήν ὁ καλός, Joh 10:11; τήν πύλην τήν σιδηρᾶν, Act 12:10, and other examples; — very rarely the adjective stands before a substantive which has the article, as in Acts ( R G); ; 1Co 11:5 (cf. Buttmann, § 125, 5; Winer’s Grammar, § 20, 1 c.). As to the adjectives of quantity, ὅλος, πᾶς, πολύς, see each in its own place.

d. What has been said concerning adjectives holds true also of all other limitations added to substantives, as ἡ κατ’ ἐκλογήν πρόθεσις, Rom 9:11; παῥ ἐμοῦ διαθήκη, Rom 11:27; ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ, 1Co 1:18; ἡ εἰς Χριστόν πίστις, Col 2:5; on the other hand, ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν ἡ πρός τόν Θεόν, 1Th 1:8; τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τούς ἁγίους, 2Co 8:4; see many other examples of each usage in Winers Grammar, 131ff (124ff); (Buttmann, 91ff (80ff)).

e. The noun has the article before it when a demonstrative pronoun (οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος) belonging to it either precedes or follows (Winers Grammar, § 18, 4; Buttmann, § 127, 29-31); as, ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος, Joh 9:24 (οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος, L Tr marginal reading WH); Act 6:13; Act 22:26; ὁ λαός οὗτος, Mat 15:8; ὁ υἱός σου οὗτος, Luk 15:30; plural Luk 24:17, and numberless other examples; οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος, Luk 14:30; οὗτος ὁ λαός, Mar 7:6 (ὁ λαός οὗτος, L WH marginal reading); οὗτος ὁ υἱός μου, Luk 15:24; οὗτος ὁ τελώνης, Luk 18:11 (ὁ τελώνης οὗτος, L marginal reading); οὗτος ὁ λόγος, Joh 7:36 (ὁ λόγος οὗτος, L T Tr WH), and many other examples on ἐκεῖνος, see ἐκεῖνος, 2; on αὐτός ὁ etc., see αὐτός (I. 1 b. etc.); on ὁ αὐτός etc., see αὐτός, III.

3. The neuter article prefixed to adjectives changes them into substantives (cf. Winers Grammar, § 34, 2; Buttmann, § 128, 1); as, τό ἀγαθόν, τό καλόν (which see each in its place); τό ἔλαττον, Heb 7:7; with a genitive added, τό γνωστόν τοῦ Θεοῦ, Rom 1:19; τό ἀδύνατον τοῦ νόμου, Rom 8:3; τό ἀσθενές τοῦ Θεοῦ, 1Co 1:25; αὐτῆς, Heb 7:18; τά ἀόρατα τοῦ Θεοῦ, Rom 1:20; τά κρυπτά τῆς αἰσχύνης, 2Co 4:2, etc.

4. The article with cardinal numerals: εἷς one; ὁ εἷς the one (of two), see εἷς, 4 a.; but differently ὁ εἷς in Rom 5:15; Rom 5:17, the (that) one. So also οἱ δύο (our the twain), Mat 19:5; οἱ δέκα the (those) ten, and οἱ ἐννέα, Luk 17:17; ἐκεῖνοι οἱ δέκα (καί) ὀκτώ, Luk 13:4.

5. The article prefixed to participles a. gives them the force of substantives (Winers Grammar, §§ 18, 3; 45, 7; Buttmann, §§ 129, 1 b.; 144, 9); as, ὁ πειράζων, Mat 4:3; 1Th 3:5; ὁ βαπτίζων, Mar 6:14 (for which Mat 14:2 ὁ βαπτιστής); ὁ σπείρων, Mat 13:3; Luk 8:5; ὁ ὀλοθρεύων, Heb 11:28; οἱ βαστάζοντες, Luk 7:14; οἱ βόσκοντες, Mat 8:33; Mar 5:14; οἱ ἐσθίοντες, the eaters (convivae), Mat 14:21; τό ὀφειλόμενον, Mat 18:30; Mat 18:34; τά ὑπάρχοντα (see ὑπάρχω, 2).

b. the participle with the article must be resolved into he who (and a finite verb; cf. Buttmann, § 144, 9): Mat 10:40; Luk 6:29; Luk 11:23; Joh 15:23; 2Co 1:21; Php 2:13, and very often. πᾶς ὁ followed by a participle (Winer’s Grammar, 111 (106)), Mat 5:22; Mat 7:26; Luk 6:30 (T WH omit; L Tr marginal reading brackets article); ; Rom 2:1; 1Co 16:16; Gal 3:13, etc.; μακάριος ὁ with a participle, Mat 5:4 (), , etc.; οὐαί ὑμῖν οἱ with a preposition, Luk 6:25; the neuter τό with a participle must be resolved into that which (with a finite verb), τό γεννώμενον, Luk 1:35; τό γεγεννημένον, Joh 3:6.

c. the article with participle is placed in apposition: Mar 3:22; Act 17:24; Eph 3:20; Eph 4:22; Eph 4:24; 2Ti 1:14; 1Pe 1:21, etc.

6. The neuter τό before infinitives a. gives them the force of substantives (cf. Buttmann, 261ff (225ff) (cf. Winer’s Grammar, § 44, 2 a.; 3 c.)); as, τό καθίσαι, Mat 20:23; Mar 10:40; τό θέλειν, Rom 7:18; 2Co 8:10; τό ποιῆσαι, τό ἐπιτελέσαι, 2Co 8:11, and other examples; τοῦτο κρίνατε. τό μή τιθέναι κτλ., Rom 14:13. On the infinite with the article depending on a preposition (ἀντί τοῦ, ἐν τῷ, εἰς τό, etc.), see under each preposition in its place.

b. Much more frequent in the N. T. than in the earlier and more elegant Greek writings, especially in the writings of Luke and Paul (nowhere in John’s Gospel and Epistles), is the use of the genitive τοῦ with an infinitive (and in the Sept. far more frequent than in the N. T.), which is treated of at length by Fritzsche in an excursus at the end of his commentary on Matthew, p. 843ff; Winers Grammar, § 44, 4; Buttmann, 266ff (228ff). The examples fall under the following classes: τοῦ with an infinitive is put α. after words which naturally require a genitive (of a noun also) after them; thus after ἄξιον, 1Co 16:4; ἔλαχε, Luk 1:9 (1Sa 14:47); ἐξαποροῦμαι, 2Co 1:8. β. for the simple expletive (i. e. ’complementary’) or (as it is commonly called) epexegetical infinite, which serves to fill out an incomplete idea expressed by a noun or a verb or a phrase (where in German zu is commonly used); thus after προθυμία, 2Co 8:11; βραδεῖς, Luk 24:25; ἐλπίς, Act 27:20; 1Co 9:10 (not Rec.); ἐζήτει εὐκαιρίαν, Luk 22:6 (not L marginal reading); ὁ καιρός (namely, ἐστι) τοῦ ἄρξασθαι, to begin, 1Pe 4:17 (καιρόν χειν with the simple infinitive Heb 11:15); διδόναι τήν ἐξουσίαν, Luk 10:19 (ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν with simple infinitive, Joh 19:10; 1Co 9:4); ὀφειλέται ἐσμεν (equivalent to ὀφείλομεν), Rom 8:12 (with an infinitive alone, Gal 5:3); ἕτοιμον εἶναι, Act 23:15 (1Ma 3:58 1Ma 5:39 1Ma 13:31; with an infinitive alone, Luk 22:33); χρείαν ἔχειν, Heb 5:12; ἔδωκεν ὀφθαλμούς τοῦ μή βλέπειν καί ὦτα τοῦ μή ἀκούειν, that they should not see ... that they should not hear (cf. Buttmann, 267 (230)), Rom 11:8 (χειν ὦτα elsewhere always with a simple infinitive; see οὖς, 2); ἐπλήσθη ὁ χρόνος τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν, at which she should be delivered (cf. Buttmann, the passage cited), Luk 1:57; ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ... τοῦ περιτεμεῖν αὐτόν, that they should circumcise him (cf. Buttmann, the passage cited), Luk 2:21; after ἀνένδεκτόν ἐστιν, Luk 17:1 (so Buttmann, § 140, 15; (Winer’s Grammar, 328 (308) otherwise)); quite unusually after ἐγένετο (cf. Buttmann, § 140, 16 δ.; Winer’s Grammar, the passage cited), Act 10:25 (Rec. omits the article). γ. after verbs of deciding, entreating, exhorting, commanding, etc.: after κρίνειν (see κρίνω, 4); ἐγένετο γνώμη (γνώμης T Tr WH (see γίνομαι, 5 e. a.)), Act 20:3; τό πρόσωπον ἐστήριξεν, Luk 9:51; συντίθεσθαι, Act 23:20 (with an infinitive alone, Luk 22:5); προσεύχεσθαι, Jas 5:17; παρακαλεῖν, Act 21:12; ἐντέλλεσθαι, Luk 4:10; ἐπιστέλλειν, Act 15:20 (with an infinitive alone, Act 21:25 (R G T, but L Tr text WH here ἐπεστείλαμεν; Buttmann, 270 (232))); κατανεύειν, Luk 5:7. δ. after verbs of hindering, restraining, removing (which naturally require the genitive), and according to the well-known pleonasm with μή before the infinitive (see μή, I. 4 a.; Buttmann, § 148, 13; Winer’s Grammar, 325 (305)); thus, after κατέχω τινα, Luk 4:42; κρατοῦμαι, Luk 24:16; κωλύω, Act 10:47; ὑποστέλλομαι, Act 20:20; Act 20:27; παύω, 1Pe 3:10; καταπαύω, Act 14:18; without μή before the infinitive after ἐγκόπτομαι, Rom 15:22. ε. τοῦ with an infinitive is added as a somewhat loose epexegesis: Luk 21:22; Act 9:15; Act 13:47; Php 3:21; εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τά σώματα αὐτῶν, to the uncleanness of their bodies being dishonored, Rom 1:24 (cf. Buttmann, § 140, 14); Winer’s Grammar, 325f (305f). ζ. it takes the place of an entire final clause, in order that (Winers Grammar, § 44, 4 b.; Buttmann, § 140, 17); especially after verbs implying motion: Mat 2:13; Mat 3:13; Mat 13:3; Mat 24:45; Mar 4:3 (where L T WH omit; Tr brackets τοῦ); Luk 1:77; Luk 1:79; Luk 2:24; Luk 2:27; Luk 5:1 (R G L text Tr marginal reading); (here L omits; Tr brackets τοῦ); ; Act 3:2; Act 20:30; Act 26:18; Rom 6:6; Rom 11:10; Gal 3:10; Php 3:10; Heb 10:7; Heb 10:9; Heb 11:5. ἡ. used of result so that: Act 7:19; Rom 7:3; after ποιῶ, to cause that, make to, Act 3:12; (cf. Winers Grammar, 326 (306); Buttmann, § 140, 16 δ.).

7. The article with adverbs (Buttmann, § 125, 10f; Winer’s Grammar, § 18, 3), a. gives them the force of substantives; as, τό πέραν, the region beyond; τά ἄνω, τά κάτω, τό νῦν, τά ἔμπροσθεν, τά ὀπίσω, etc.; see these words in their proper places.

b. is used when they stand adjectivally, as ἡ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλήμ, ὁ τότε κόσμος, ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος, ὁ νῦν αἰών, etc., on which see these several words.

c. the neuter τό is used in the accusative absolute, especially in specifications of time: both with adverbs of time, τό πάλιν, 2Co 13:2; τά νῦν or τανῦν, and with neuter adjectives used adverbially, as τό λοιπόν, τό πρότερον (Joh 6:62; Gal 4:13); τό πρῶτον (Joh 10:40; Joh 12:16; Joh 19:39); τό πλεῖστον (1Co 14:2;); see these words themselves.

8. The article before prepositions with their cases is very often so used that ὤν, ὄντες, ὄντα, must be supplied in thought (cf. Buttmann, § 125, 9; Winer’s Grammar, § 18, 3); thus, οἱ ἀπό Ἰταλίας, ἀπό Θεσσαλονίκης, Act 17:13; Heb 13:24 (cf. Winer’s Grammar, § 66, 6); ὁ ἐν τίνι, Mat 6:9; Rom 8:1; neuter τά πρός, Mar 2:2; οἱ ἐκ τίνος, Rom 2:8; Rom 4:14; Rom 4:16; Php 4:22 etc.; οἱ παρά τίνος, Mar 3:21 (see παρά, I. e.). τά περί τίνος, Luk 24:19; Act 24:10; Php 1:27; (add, τά (T Tr WH τό) περί ἐμοῦ, Luk 22:37), etc. (see περί, I.

b. β.); τά περί τινα, Php 2:23 (see περί, II. b.); οἱ μετά τίνος, those with one, his companions, Mat 12:3; οἱ περί τινα, and many other examples which are given under the several prepositions. the neuter τό in the accusative absolute in adverbial expressions (cf. Winers Grammar, 230 (216); Buttmann, §§ 125, 12; 131, 9): τό καθ’ ἡμέραν, daily, day by day, Luk 11:3; Luk 19:47; Act 17:11 (R G WH brackets); τό καθόλου, at all, Act 4:18 (L T WH omit τό); besides, in τό κατά σάρκα, as respects human origin, Rom 9:5 (on the force of the article here see Abbot in the Journal of the Society for Biblical Literature, etc. for 1883, p. 108); τά κατ’ ἐμέ, as respects what relates to me, my state, my affairs, Col 4:7; Eph 6:21; τό ἐξ ὑμῶν, as far as depends on you, Rom 12:18; τό ἐφ’ ὑμῖν, as far as respects you, if I regard you, Rom 16:19 R G; τά πρός (τόν) Θεόν, the accusative absolute, as respects the things pertaining to God, i. e. in things pertaining to God, Rom 15:17; Heb 2:17; Heb 5:1 (ἱερεῖ τά πρός τούς Θεούς, στρατήγω δέ τά πρός τούς ἀνθρώπους, Xenophon, resp. Laced. 13, 11; cf. Fritzsche, Ep. ad Romans, iii., p. 262f); τό ἐκ μέρους namely, ὄν, that which has been granted us in part, that which is imperfect, 1Co 13:10.

9. The article, in all genders, when placed before the genitive of substantives indicates "kinship, affinity, or some kind of connection, association or fellowship, or in general that which in some way pertains to a person or thing" (cf Winers Grammar, § 30, 3; Buttmann, § 125, 7);

a. the masculine and the feminine article: Ἰάκωβος ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου, ὁ τοῦ Ἀλφαίου, the son, Mat 10:2 (3), 3; Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου, the mother, Mar 16:1 (T omits; Tr brackets τοῦ); Luk 24:10 (L T Tr WH); Ἑμμόρ τοῦ Συχέμ, of Hamor, the father of Shechem, Act 7:16 R G; ἡ τοῦ Ουριου, the wife, Mat 1:6; οἱ Χλόης, either the kinsfolk, or friends, or domestics, or work-people, or slaves, of Chloe, 1Co 1:11; also οἱ Ἀριστοβούλου, οἱ Ναρκίσσου, Rom 16:10 f; οἱ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, the followers of Christ (A. V. they that are Christ’s), 1Co 15:23 G L T Tr WH; Gal 5:24; οἱ τῶν Φαρισαίων, the disciples of the Pharisees, Mar 2:18 a Rec., 18b R G L; Καισάρεια ἡ Φιλίππου, the city of Philip, Mar 8:27.

b. τό and τά τίνος: as τά τοῦ Θεοῦ, the cause or interests, the purposes, of God, opposed to τά τῶν ἀνθρώπων, Mat 16:23; Mar 8:33; in the same sense τά τοῦ κυρίου, opposed to τά τοῦ κόσμου, 1Co 7:32-34; τά τῆς σαρκός, τά τοῦ πνεύματος, Rom 8:5; τά ὑμῶν, your possessions, 2Co 12:14; ζητεῖν τό or τά τίνος, 1Co 10:24; 1Co 13:5; Php 2:21; τά τῆς εἰρήνης, τῆς οἰκοδομῆς, which make for, Rom 14:19; τά τῆς ἀσθενείας μου, which pertain to my weakness, 2Co 11:30; τά Καίσαρος, τά τοῦ Θεοῦ, due to Caesar, due to God, Mat 22:21; Mar 12:17; Luk 20:25; τά τοῦ νηπίου, the things wont to be thought, said, done, by a child, 1Co 13:11; τά τίνος, the house of one (τά Λυκωνος, Theocritus, 2, 76; (εἰς τά τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, Lysias c. Eratosthenes § 12, p. 195); cf. ἐν τοῖς πατρικοῖς, in her father’s house, Sir 42:10; (Chrysostom hom. 52:(on Gen 26:16), vol. iv. part ii. col. 458, Migne edition; Gen 41:51; Est 7:9, (Hebrew áÇÌéÄú); Job 18:19 (Hebrew îÈâåÌø))); with the name of a deity, the temple (τά τοῦ Διός, Josephus, contra Apion 1, 18, 2; also τό τοῦ Διός, Lycurgus, adverb, Leocr., p. 231 ((orat. Attic, p. 167, 15))), Luk 2:49 (see other examples in Lob. ad Phryn., p. 100). τά τοῦ νόμου, the precepts of the (Mosaic) law, Rom 2:14; τό τῆς παροιμίας, the (saying) of (that which is said in) the proverb, 2Pe 2:22; τά τῶν δαιμονιζομένων, what the possessed had done and experienced, Mat 8:33; τό τῆς συκῆς, what has been done to the fig-tree, Mat 21:21.

10. The neuter τό is put a. before entire sentences, and sums them up into one conception (Buttmann, § 125, 13; Winer’s Grammar, 109 (103f)): εἶπεν αὐτῷ τό Αἰ δύνασαι πιστεῦσαι, said to him this: ’If thou canst believe,’ Mar 9:23 (but L T Tr WH τό Αἰ δύνῃ ’If thou canst!’); cf. Bleek at the passage; (Riddell, The Apology etc. Digest of Idioms § 19 γ.). before the sayings and precepts of the O. T. quoted in the New: τό Οὐ φονεύσεις, the precept, ’Thou shalt not kill’, Mat 19:18; add, Luk 22:37 (where Lachmann ὅτι for τό); Rom 13:9; (1Co 4:6 L T Tr WH); Gal 5:14. before indirect questions: τό τίς etc., τό τί etc., τό πῶς etc., Luk 1:62; Luk 9:46; Luk 19:48; Luk 22:2; Luk 22:4; Luk 22:23; Act 4:21; Act 22:30; Rom 8:26; 1Th 4:1; cf. Matthiae, § 280; Krüger, § 50, 6, 10; Passow, ii., p. 395b; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. I. 3f).

b. before single words which are explained as parts of some discourse or statement (references as above): τό Αγαρ, the name Αγαρ, Gal 4:25 (T L text WH marginal reading omit; Tr brackets Αγαρ); τό ’ἀνέβη’, this word ἀνέβη, Eph 4:9 (cf. Lightfoot on Galatians, the passage cited); τό ἔτι ἅπαξ, Heb 12:27; cf. Matthiae, 2, p. 731f, 11. We find the unusual expression οὐαί (apparently because the interjection was to the writer a substitute for the term ἡ πληγή or ἡ θλῖψις (Winers Grammar, 179 (169))), misery, calamity (A. V. the Woe), in Rev 9:12; Rev 11:14.

III. Since it is the business, not of the lexicographer, but of the grammarian, to exhibit the instances in which the article is omitted in the N. T. where according to the laws of our language it would have been expected, we refer those interested in this matter to the Grammars of Winer (sec. 19) and Alex. Buttmann (sec. 124, 8) (cf. also Green, chapter ii. § iii.; Middleton, The Doctrine of the Greek Article (edited by Rose), pp. 41ff, 94f; and, particularly with reference to Granville Sharp’s doctrine (Remarks on the uses of the Def. Art. in the Greek Text of the N. T., 3rd edition 1803), a tract by C. Winstanley (A Vindication etc.) republished at Cambr. 1819), and only add the following remarks:

1. More or less frequently the article is lacking before appellatives of persons or things of which only one of the kind exists, so that the article is not needed to distinguish the individual from others of the same kind, as ἥλιος, γῆ, Θεός, Χριστός, πνεῦμα ἅγιον, ζωή αἰώνιος, θάνατος, νεκροί (of the whole assembly of the dead (see νεκρός, 1 b., p. 423b)); and also of those persons and things which the connection of discourse clearly shows to be well-defined, as νόμος (the Mosaic law (see νόμος, 2, p. 428a)), κύριος, πατήρ, υἱός, ἀνήρ (husband), γυνή (wife), etc.

2. Prepositions which with their cases designate a state and condition, or a place, or a mode of acting, usually have an anarthrous noun after them; as, εἰς φυλακήν, ἐν φυλακή, εἰς ἀέρα, ἐκ πίστεως, κατά σάρκα, ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι, παῥ ἐλπίδα, ἀπ’ ἀγορᾶς, ἀπ’ ἀγροῦ, ἄν ἀγρῷ, εἰς ὁδόν, ἐν ἡμέραις Ἡρῴδου, εἰς ἡμέραν ἀπολυτρώσεως, and numberless other examples.

STRONGS NT 3588: ὅὅ, τέ, ἥ, τέ, τό, τέ, see τέ 2 a.