ἕως, a particle marking a limit, and

I. as a conjunction signifying

1. the temporal terminus ad quem, till, until (Latindonee,usquedum); as in the best writings a. with an preterite indicative, where something is spoken of which continued up to a certain time: Mat 2:9 (ἕως ... ἔστη (ἐστάθη L T Tr WH)); (1Ma 10:50; Wis 10:14, etc.).

b. with ἄν and the aorist subjunctive (equivalent to the Latin future perfect), where it is left doubtful when that will take place till which it is said a thing will continue (cf. Winer’s Grammar, § 42, 5): ἴσθι ἐκεῖ, ἕως ἄν εἴπω σοι, Mat 2:13; add, ; Mar 6:10; Mar 12:36; Luk 17:8; Luk 20:43; Acts 2:55; Heb 1:13; after a negative sentence: Mat 5:18; Mat 5:26; Mat 10:23 (T WH omit ἄν); ; Mar 9:1; Luk 9:27; Luk 21:32; 1Co 4:5; with the aorist subjunctive without the addition of ἄν: Mar 6:45 R G; (here Tr marginal reading future); Luk 15:4; ( T Tr WH; L T Tr WH); 2Th 2:7; Heb 10:13; Rev 6:11 (Rec. ἕως οὗ); οὐκ ἀνἔζησαν ἕως τελεσθῇ τά χίλια ἔτη, did not live again till the thousand years had been finished (elapsi fuerint), Rev 20:5 Rec. Cf. Winers Grammar, § 41 b. 3.

c. more rarely used with the present indicative where the aorist subjunctive might have been expected (Winers Grammar, as above; Buttmann, 231 (199)): so four times ἕως ἔρχομαι, Luk 19:13 (where L T Tr WH ἐν ᾧ for ἕως, but cf. Bleek at the passage); Joh 21:22; 1Ti 4:13; ἕως ἀπολύει, Mar 6:45 L T Tr WH, for R G ἀπολύσῃ (the indicative being due to a blending of direct and indirect discourse; as in Plutarch, Lycurgus 29, 3 δεῖν οὖν ἐκείνους ἐμμένειν τοῖς καθεστωσι νόμοις ... ἕως ἐπανεισιν).

d. once with the future indicative, according to an improbable reading in Luk 13:35: ἕως ἥξει Tdf., ἕως ἄν ἥξει Lachmann, for R G ἕως ἄν ἥξῃ; (but WH (omitting ἄν ἥξῃ ὅτε) read ἕως εἴπητε; Tr omits ἄν and brackets ἥξῃ ὅτε; cf. Buttmann, 231f (199f)).

2. as in Greek writings from Homer down, as long as, while, followed by the indicative in all tenses — in the N. T. only in the present: ἕως ἡμέρα ἐστιν, Joh 9:4 (Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading ὡς); ἕως (L T Tr WH ὡς) τό φῶς ἔχετε, Joh 12:35 f (ἕως ἔτι φῶς ἐστιν, Plato, Phaedo, p. 89 c.); (Mar 6:45 (cf.

c. above)).

II. By a usage chiefly later it gets the force of an adverb, Latinusquead; and

1. used of a temporal terminus ad quem, until (unto);

a. like a preposition, with a genitive of time (Winers Grammar, § 54, 6; Buttmann, 319 (274)): ἕως αἰῶνος, Luk 1:55 Griesbach (Eze 25:15 Alex.; 1Ch 17:16; Sir 16:26, Fritzsche; , etc.); τῆς ἡμέρας, Mat 26:29; Mat 27:64: Luk 1:80; Act 1:22 (Tdf. ἄχρι); Rom 11:8, etc.; ὥρας, Mat 27:45; Mar 15:33; Luk 23:44; τῆς πεντηκοστῆς, 1Co 16:8; τέλους, 1Co 1:8; 2Co 1:13; τῆς σήμερον namely, ἡμέρας, Mat 27:8; τοῦ νῦν, Mat 24:21; Mar 13:19 (1Ma 2:33); χήρα ἕως ἐτῶν ὀγδοήκοντα τεσσάρων a widow (who had attained) even unto eighty-four years, Luk 2:37 L T Tr WH; before the names of illustrious men by which a period of time is marked: Mat 1:17; Mat 11:13; Luk 16:16 (where T Tr WH μέχρι); Act 13:20; before the names of events: Mat 1:17 (ἕως μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος); ; Luk 11:51; Jas 5:7; ἕως τοῦ ἐλθεῖν, Act 8:40 (Buttmann, 266 (228); cf. Winer’s Grammar, § 44, 6; Jdt 1:10 Jdt 11:19, etc.).

b. with the genitive of the neuter relative pronoun οὗ or ὅτου it gets the force of a conjunction, until, till (the time when); α. ἕως οὗ (first in Herodotus 2, 143; but after that only in later authors, as Plutarch, et al. (Winers Grammar, 296 (278) note; Buttmann, 230f (199))): followed by the indicative, Mat 1:25 (WH brackets οὗ); ; Luk 13:21; Act 21:26 (see Buttmann); followed by the subjunctive aorist, equivalent to Latin future perfect, Mat 14:22; Mat 26:36 (where WH brackets οὗ and Lachmann has ἕως οὗ ἄν); Luk 12:50 (Rec.; Luk 15:8 Tr WH); Luk 24:49; Act 25:21; 2Pe 1:19; after a negative sentence, Mat 17:9; Luk 12:59 (R G L; Luk 22:18 Tr WH); Joh 13:38; Act 23:12; Act 23:14; Act 23:21. β. ἕως ὅτου, αα. until, till (the time when): followed by the indicative, Joh 9:18; followed by the subjunctive (without ἄν), Luk 13:8; Luk 15:8 (R G L T); after a negation, Luk 22:16; Luk 22:18 (R G L T). ββ. as long as, whilst (Son 1:12), followed by the present indicative, Mat 5:25 (see ἄχρι, 1 d. at the end).

c. before adverbs of time (rarely so in the earlier and more elegant writings, as ἕως ὀψέ, Thucydides 3, 108; (cf. Winers Grammar, § 54, 6 at the end; Buttmann, 320 (275))): ἕως ἄρτι, up to this time, until now (Vig. ed. Herm., p. 388), Mat 11:12; Joh 2:10; Joh 5:17; Joh 16:24; 1Jn 2:9; 1Co 4:13; 1Co 8:7; 1Co 15:6; ἕως πότε; how long? Mat 17:17; Mar 9:19; Luk 9:41; Joh 10:24; Rev 6:10 (Psa 12:2 f (f); 2Sa 2:26; 1Ma 6:22); ἕως σήμερον, 2Co 3:15.

2. according to a usage dating from Aristotle down, employed of the localterminus ad quem, unto, as far as, even to;

a. like a preposition, with a genitive of place (Winers Grammar, § 54, 6; Buttmann, 319 (274)): ἕως ᾅδου, ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, Mat 11:23; Luk 10:15; add, Mat 24:31; Mat 26:58; Mar 13:27; Luk 2:15; Luk 4:29; Act 1:8; Act 11:19; Act 11:22; Act 17:15; Act 23:23; 2Co 12:2; with the genitive of person, to the place where one is: Luk 4:42; Act 9:38 (ἕως ὑπερβορεων, Aelian v. h. 3, 18).

b. with adverbs of place (Winers Grammar, and Buttmann, as in c. above): ἕως ἄνω, Joh 2:7; ἕως ἔσω, Mar 14:54; ἕως κάτω, Mat 27:51; Mar 15:38; ἕως ὧδε, Luk 23:5 (cf. Winers Grammar, § 66, 1 c.).

c. with prepositions: ἕως ἔξω τῆς πόλεως, Act 21:5; ἕως εἰς, Luk 24:50 (R G L marginal reading, but L text T Tr WH ἕως πρός as far as to (Polybius 3, 82, 6; 12, 17, 4; Gen 38:1)); Polybius 1:11, 14; Aelian v. h. 12, 22.

3. of the limit (terminus)of quantity; with an adverb of number: ἕως ἑπτάκις, Mat 18:21; with numerals: Mat 22:26 (ἕως τῶν ἑπτά); cf. Mat 20:8; Joh 8:9 (Rec.); Act 8:10; Heb 8:11; οὐκ ἐστιν ἕως ἑνός, there is not so much as one, Rom 3:12 from Psa 13:1 ().

4. of the limit of measurement: ἕως ἡμίσους, Mar 6:23; Est 5:3; Est 5:6 Alex.

5. of the end or limit in acting and suffering: ἕως τούτου, Luk 22:51 (see ἐάω, 2); ἕως τοῦ θερισμοῦ, Mat 13:30 L Tr WH text; ἕως θανάτου, even to death, so that I almost die, Mar 14:34; Mat 26:38 (Sir 4:28 Sir 31:13 (Sir 34:13); ; 4Ma 14:19).

STRONGS NT 2193a: ζ [ζ Zeta, on its substitution for sigma ς see Sigma.]