BDB8955
שָׁפַט185 verb judge, govern (Late Hebrew in derivatives; Phoenician שפט = שֹׁפֵט , also in proper name; Punic sufet Lzb381; Biblical Aramaic שָֽׁפְטִין; Assyrian šapâtu ( t = ת), synonym dânu (דִּין), judge DlWB 684, šip‰u (ט), probably judgment [and šapi‰u , caption?] JenZA iv (1889), 278 f.; on possible connection with Arabic [untranscribed source text 5682] see NöZMG xi (1886), 724; on usage of verb See FergusonJBL viii (1888), 130 ff.); —
Qal
Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳
שׁ
Judg 16:31 +,
etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁפֹּט
Gen 16:5,
יִשְׁפּוֺט
Isa 11:3 3
masculine plural יִשְׁפְּטוּ
Gen 31:53 +,
יִשְׁפּ֫וּטוּ
Exod 18:26 (Ki
יִשְׁפּוּט֫וּ; compare Ges«GKC:47g»§ 47g),
etc.; Infinitive absolute
שָׁפוֺט
Gen 19:9 construct
שְׁפֹט
Ruth 1:1,
לַשְׁפֹּט
Exod 8:13 +, etc.;
Imperative
שְׁפָטֿ
Prov 31:9,
שָׁפְטָה
Ps 82:8; Lam 3:59,
שִׁפְטוּ
Isa 1:17 +,
שְׁפֹ֑טוּ
Zech 7:9, etc.;
Participle
שֹׁפֵט
1Sam 3:13 +, etc.;
—
1.
act as law-giver, judge, governor (giving law, deciding controversies and executing law,
civil, religious, political, social; both early and late):
a. of God only,
שֹׁפֵט כל הארץ
Gen 18:25
(
J
), || מֶלֶךְ,מְחֹקֵק
Isa 33:22
.
b. of man, Gen 19:9 (twice in verse) (
J
), Moses deciding cases Exod 18:13 (
E
), making known statutes Exod 18:16 (
E
); so his assistants Exod 18:22 Exod 18:22 Exod 18:26 Exod 18:26 (
E
), ||
Deut 1:16 of שׁפטי
ישׂראל
Num 25:5
(executioners); ׳
י set שֹׁפְטִים over Israel Judg 2:16; Judg 2:18; 2Sam 7:11 = 1Chr 17:10
, to deliver Israel, שׁפט ישׂדאל
Judg 3:10;
Judg 4:4; Judg 10:2;
Judg 10:3 +
9 t. Judges; 1Sam
4:18;
1Sam 7:15; 1Sam 7:16; 1Sam 7:17; 2Kgs 23:22, compare 1Sam 7:6 Participle שֹׁפֵט
as substantive also Judg 2:17; Judg 2:18; Judg 2:19; 1Sam 8:1; 1Sam 8:2; 2Kgs 23:22
׳
שֹׁפְטֵי יִשׂ
1Chr 17:6
(|| 2Sam 7:7
שִׂבְטֵי), בִּימֵי שְׁפֹט הַשֹּׁפְטִים
Ruth 1:1 (twice
in verse) (compare מוֺשִׁיעִים
Obad 1:21
); שׁפט, || מֶלֶךְ
1Sam 8:5; 1Sam 8:6; 1Sam 8:20;
Hos 7:7; Hos 13:10
שֹׁפֵט
ישׂראל
Mic 4:14
(= king); king judges people 1Kgs 3:9 (twice in verse) = 2Chr 1:10; 1Kgs 15:5 = 2Chr 26:21
; 2Chr
1:11 absolute 1Kgs 7:7; Isa 16:5 || שׂרים
Exod 2:14 (
E
) Amos 2:3
; Zeph 3:3
|| יוֺעַץ
Isa 1:26;
Job 12:17
, compare Isa
3:2
שֹׁפְטֵי אָרֶץ
Isa 40:23
(|| רוֺזְנִים), Prov 8:16 (|| שׂרים), Ps 2:10; Ps 148:11 (||
מלכים); שׁפטינו אשׁר שׁפטונו
Dan 9:12
(twice in verse).
2. specifically decide controversy, discriminate between Persons, in
civil, political, domestic and religious questions:
a. of God Ps 82:1: בֵּיןוּ֗֗֗בֵין
׳
שׁ
Gen 16:5 (
J
; domestic), Judg 11:27 (twice in verse); 1Sam 24:13; 1Sam 24:16 (all of war), Ezek 34:20
(relig.); with בֵּיןלְ֗֗֗
Ezek 34:17
;
Ezek
34:22 (religious); with בֵּנֵינוּ
Gen 31:53
(
E
; domestic),
Isa 2:4 =
Mic
4:3 (of war); with בְּ
2Chr 20:12
(war); with accusative 1Kgs 8:32 = 2Chr 6:23; Eccl 3:17, condemning wicked and justifying righteous
Job 21:22
(|| ידע), Job 23:7 absolute Exod 5:21 (
J
)
Job
22:13
צֶדֶק
׳
שׁ
Jer 11:20
;
Ps 9:5
׳
י is שׁוֺפֵט צַדִּיק
Ps 7:12.
b. of man, בֵּיןוּ֗֗֗בֵין
׳
שׁ
Exod 18:16
(
E
) Num
35:24 (
P
) Deut
1:16
(all civil),
Isa
5:3 (relig.); with accusative Lev 19:15 (
H
) Deut
25:1
(all civil), Ezek 20:4 (twice in verse); Ezek 22:2 (twice in verse); Ezek 23:36
מִשְׁפָּט
׳
שׁ
Deut 16:18
;
1Kgs 3:28
(Solomon); במשׁפטים
Ezek 44:24
, with ל
2Chr 19:6
absolute
Ezek
44:24; Isa
11:3 (king); influenced by bribes Mic 3:11; Mic 7:3; Job 9:24 Absalom desires to decide cases as
שֹׁפֵט
2Sam 15:4
(implying lack of such in his time); according to 2Chr 19:5. 6 Jehoshaphat set up שׁפטים,
apparently
for the first as judges in this specific sense; code of Deuteronomy recognizes them: הַשֹּׁפֵט
declares דְּבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט
Deut 17:9;
Deut 17:12
;
Deut 25:2
שׁפטים + שֹׁטְרִים
Deut 16:18
;
1Chr 23:4
;
1Chr 26:29
; Josh 8:33
(+ זְקֵנִים), Josh 23:2; Josh 24:1 (
D
; both + זקנים, רָאשִׁים), + זקנים only Deut 21:2;
Ezra 10:14
, + כֹּהֲנִים
Deut 19:17
;
Deut 19:18
,
שׂרים
2Chr 1:2.
3.
execute judgment:
a.
discriminating, of man only, משׁפט אמת
Zech 7:9
,
׳
מֵישָׁרִים שׁ
Ps 58:2
judge uprightly; משׁפט שׁלום
Zech
8:16
, צֶדֶק
Prov
31:9
, עָוֶל
Ps 82:2
.
b.
vindicating, with accusative: (I) subject God, יתום
Ps
10:18, accusative of person Ps 26:1; Ps 43:1; Ps 58:12
(read שֹׁפְטָם
for שׁפטים), משׁפט
׳
שׁ
Lam
3:59
מִיַּד
vindicate by delivering from hand of
1Sam
24:16; 2Sam 18:19; 2Sam 18:31
שָׁפְטֵנִי
כְּ צִדְקִי
׳
י
Ps 7:9
שָׁפְטֵנִי כְּ צִדְקְךָ
Ps
35:24. (2) subject man, with accusative יתום
Isa
1:17
;
Isa 1:23
דל(יםׅ
Isa
11:4
;
Prov 29:14; Ps 82:3
עניי עם
Ps
72:4
משׁפט אביונים
Jer
5:28
.
c.
condemning and punishing, (I) God ׳
כְּדַרְכֵי פ
according to ways of
Ezek
7:3; Ezek
7:8; Ezek 18:30; Ezek 24:14;
Ezek 33:20; Ezek 36:19
במשׁפטים
Ezek 7:27; Ezek 23:24
משׁפטי נאפות
Ezek 16:38
(=
Ezek 23:45 of human
judges);
with accusative
1Sam 3:13; Ps 51:5; Ezek 11:10;
Ezek 11:11; Ezek 21:35; Ezek 35:11.
(2) of man, only
שֹׁפְטֵי נַפְשׁוֺ
Ps 109:31
and
Ezek 23:45 above, probably
also Ps 141:6
(corrupt).
d.
at theophanic advent for final judgment: God is שֹׁפֵט
Ps 50:6; Ps 75:8
שׁפט הארץ
Ps 94:2, with accusative בא לשׁפט הארץ
Ps 96:13
=
1Chr 16:33; Ps
98:9
הארץ
׳
שׁ
Ps 82:8
כל הנוים
Joel 4:12
עמים
Ps 67:5
תבל
Ps
9:9; Ps 96:13 = Ps 98:9
מישׁרים
׳
שׁ
Ps 75:3.
Niph`al
Perfect 1 singular נִשְׁפַּטְתִּי
Ezek 20:36
+ 4 t.; Imperfect 1 singular אִשָּׁפֵט
Ezek 20:36
אִשָּֽׁפְטָה
1Sam 12:7,
etc.; Infinitive construct
חִשָּׁפֵט
2Chr 22:8
suffix הִשָּֽׁפְטוֺ
Ps 37:33
;
Ps 109:7
Participle
נִשְׁפָּט
Isa 59:4 +
4
t.; —
1. reciprocal, (Ges«GKC:51d»§ 51d),
enter into controversy, plead: with אֵת
with, of God Jer 2:35; Ezek 17:20; Ezek 20:35; Ezek
20:36 (twice in verse); Ezek 38:22
of man
1Sam 12:7 (+ וְאַגִּידָה לָכֶם
ᵐ5
We
Dr
BuHpt
Now), Prov 29:9 with עִם, of God Joel 4:2,
of man 2Chr
22:8
with ל, of God Jer 25:31
יחד
׳
נשׁ
Isa
43:26
have controversy together; באשׁ
by fire (of God) Isa 66:16
באמונה
Isa 59:4
.
2. passive be judged, Ps 9:20; Ps 37:33; Ps 109:7
.
Pô`el
Participle suffix מְשֹׁפְטִי (dubious; Hi
Bu
מִשְׁפָּטִי), = my apponent-at-law (
Ges«GKC:55b»§ 55b) Job 9:15 + Zf Job 3:15; Ps 109:31
We and others