A qualified chronology across the twenty-five historical periods. Date wording and uncertainty qualifications are preserved rather than silently harmonized.
Creation–Babel
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Creation, cosmic order, and Sabbath.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 1:1-2:3
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “The man, the woman, and Eden.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 2:4-25
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “The fall, curse, and exile from Eden.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 3:1-24
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Cain, Abel, and the line of Cain.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 4:1-26
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Adam to Noah genealogy.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 5:1-32
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Human wickedness and grace to Noah.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 6:1-8
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Noah, the ark, and the flood begins.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 6:9-7:24
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “The flood recedes and Noah leaves the ark.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 8:1-8:19
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Noahic sacrifice, blessing, and covenant.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 8:20-9:17
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Noah's sons and Canaan's curse.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 9:18-29
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Table of nations.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 10:1-32
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Babel and the scattering of nations.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 11:1-9
The received Genesis 1–11 sequence presents the unit titled “Shem to Abram genealogy.”
Qualification: This node preserves received narrative order only. It does not select an absolute primeval date, an external event correlation, a textual-number chronology, a scientific model, or a literary-dependence direction.
Reference: Gen 11:10-32
Abraham–Joseph
Call of Abram and promise — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 12:1-9
Abram in Egypt — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 12:10-20
Abram and Lot separate — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 13:1-18
Abram rescues Lot and meets Melchizedek — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 14:1-24
Covenant promise to Abram — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 15:1-21
Hagar and Ishmael — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 16:1-16
Covenant circumcision and names changed — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 17:1-27
Visitors promise Isaac — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 18:1-15
Abraham intercedes for Sodom — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 18:16-33
Sodom, Gomorrah, and Lot — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 19:1-38
Abraham and Abimelech — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 20:1-18
Isaac born and Hagar expelled — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 21:1-21
Abraham's treaty at Beersheba — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 21:22-34
Testing of Abraham and provision — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 22:1-19
Nahor's descendants — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 22:20-24
Sarah's death and burial — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 23:1-20
A bride for Isaac — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 24:1-67
Abraham's final years and death — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 25:1-25:11
Ishmael's descendants — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 25:12-25:18
Jacob and Esau: birth and birthright — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 25:19-34
Isaac, Abimelech, and the wells — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 26:1-35
Jacob obtains Esau's blessing — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 27:1-46
Jacob sent away and Esau's marriages — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 28:1-9
Jacob's Bethel dream — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 28:10-22
Jacob marries Leah and Rachel — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 29:1-30
Jacob's children born — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 29:31-30:24
Jacob's flocks increase — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 30:25-43
Jacob flees Laban — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 31:1-55
Jacob prepares to meet Esau — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 32:1-21
Jacob wrestles at Peniel — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 32:22-32
Jacob and Esau reconciled — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 33:1-20
Dinah and Shechem — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 34:1-31
Return to Bethel — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 35:1-15
Rachel's death and Benjamin's birth — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 35:16-35:20
Reuben, Jacob's sons, and Isaac's death — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 35:21-35:29
Esau's descendants — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 36:1-43
Joseph sold by his brothers — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 37:1-36
Judah and Tamar — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 38:1-30
Joseph in Potiphar's house and prison — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 39:1-23
Joseph interprets prison dreams — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 40:1-23
Joseph before Pharaoh and exalted — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 41:1-57
Joseph's brothers' first journey to Egypt — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 42:1-38
The brothers return with Benjamin — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 43:1-34
Judah pleads for Benjamin — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 44:1-34
Joseph reveals himself — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 45:1-28
Jacob goes down to Egypt — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 46:1-34
Jacob and his family settle in Goshen — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 47:1-47:12
Joseph's administration during the famine — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 47:13-47:26
Jacob's final request concerning burial — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 47:27-47:31
Jacob blesses Ephraim and Manasseh — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 48:1-22
Jacob blesses his sons and dies — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 49:1-33
Jacob buried and Joseph's death — placed here by Genesis' relative sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Gen 50:1-26
Israel in Egypt–death of Moses
Israel multiplied and oppressed — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 1:1-14
The Hebrew midwives fear God — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 1:15-22
Birth and rescue of Moses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 2:1-10
Moses flees and God hears Israel — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 2:11-25
The burning bush and Moses' commission — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 3:1-4:17
Moses returns to Egypt — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 4:18-31
Pharaoh refuses and God renews promise — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 5:1-6:13
Genealogy of Moses and Aaron — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 6:14-27
Moses and Aaron before Pharaoh — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 6:28-7:13
Plague: water turned to blood — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 7:14-25
Plague: frogs — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 8:1-15
Plague: gnats — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 8:16-19
Plague: flies — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 8:20-32
Plague: livestock — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 9:1-7
Plague: boils — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 9:8-12
Plague: hail — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 9:13-35
Plague: locusts — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 10:1-20
Plague: darkness — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 10:21-29
Final plague announced — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 11:1-10
Passover instituted — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 12:1-28
The exodus from Egypt — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 12:29-42
Passover regulations and consecration of firstborn — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 12:43-13:16
The wilderness route and pillar of cloud/fire — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 13:17-22
Crossing the sea — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 14:1-31
Song of Moses and Miriam — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 15:1-21
Marah and Elim — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 15:22-27
Manna in the wilderness — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 16:1-36
Water from the rock — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 17:1-7
War with Amalek — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 17:8-16
Jethro and appointed judges — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 18:1-27
Covenant proposal at Sinai — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 19:1-19:8
Preparation for the Sinai theophany — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 19:9-19:25
The Ten Words — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 20:1-21
Altar instructions after the Ten Words — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 20:22-20:26
Laws concerning Hebrew servants — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 21:1-21:11
Laws concerning violence and injury — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 21:12-21:36
Laws concerning property and restitution — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 22:1-22:15
Social and religious covenant obligations — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 22:16-22:31
Justice, witness, and enemy-love laws — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 23:1-23:9
Sabbath years, Sabbaths, and pilgrimage feasts — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 23:10-23:19
Promise of conquest and covenant warnings — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 23:20-33
Covenant ratified — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 24:1-18
Tabernacle: ark, table, and lampstand — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 25:1-40
Tabernacle curtains and frame — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 26:1-37
Altar, court, and oil — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 27:1-21
Priestly garments — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 28:1-43
Consecration of priests — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 29:1-46
The altar of incense — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 30:1-30:10
Census ransom money — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 30:11-30:16
The bronze basin — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 30:17-30:21
Anointing oil and holy incense — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 30:22-30:38
Craftsmen, Sabbath, and tablets — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 31:1-18
The golden calf — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 32:1-35
Presence, intercession, and God's glory — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 33:1-23
Covenant renewed — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 34:1-35
Sabbath, offerings, and craftsmen — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 35:1-36:7
Tabernacle constructed — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 36:8-38
Ark and furnishings constructed — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 37:1-29
Altar, court, and tabernacle inventory — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 38:1-31
Priestly garments completed — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 39:1-43
Tabernacle erected and filled with glory — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Exod 40:1-38
Burnt offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 1:1-17
Grain offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 2:1-16
Peace offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 3:1-17
Sin offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 4:1-5:13
Guilt offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 5:14-6:7
Priestly regulations for the burnt offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 6:8-6:13
Priestly regulations for the grain offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 6:14-6:23
Priestly regulations for the sin offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 6:24-6:30
Priestly regulations for the guilt offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 7:1-7:10
Priestly regulations for the peace offering — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 7:11-7:21
Fat, blood, priestly portions, and summary — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 7:22-7:38
Ordination of Aaron and sons — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 8:1-36
First offerings and glory appears — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 9:1-24
Nadab, Abihu, and priestly holiness — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 10:1-20
Clean and unclean animals — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 11:1-47
Purification after childbirth — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 12:1-8
Skin disease regulations — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 13:1-59
Cleansing from disease and house impurity — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 14:1-57
Bodily discharges — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 15:1-33
Day of Atonement — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 16:1-34
Slaughter, blood, and life — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 17:1-16
Sexual holiness — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 18:1-30
Holiness in community life — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 19:1-37
Penalties for covenant defilement — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 20:1-27
Priestly holiness — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 21:1-24
Holy offerings and priestly restrictions — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 22:1-33
Appointed feasts — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 23:1-44
Lamp and bread before the LORD — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 24:1-24:9
Blasphemy case and equal justice — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 24:10-24:23
Sabbath year for the land — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 25:1-25:7
Jubilee, redemption, and release — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 25:8-25:55
Covenant blessings and curses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 26:1-46
Vows and dedications — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Lev 27:1-34
Census of the first generation — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 1:1-54
Arrangement of the camp — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 2:1-34
Levites and redemption of firstborn — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 3:1-51
Duties of Kohath, Gershon, and Merari — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 4:1-49
Removal of the unclean from the camp — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 5:1-5:4
Restitution for wrongs — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 5:5-5:10
The jealousy rite — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 5:11-5:31
Nazirite vow and priestly blessing — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 6:1-27
Offerings at tabernacle dedication — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 7:1-89
Lamps and consecration of Levites — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 8:1-26
Passover in the wilderness — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 9:1-14
The cloud over the tabernacle — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 9:15-23
Silver trumpets — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 10:1-10
Departure from Sinai — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 10:11-36
Complaining, elders, and quail — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 11:1-35
Miriam and Aaron oppose Moses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 12:1-16
Spies sent into Canaan — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 13:1-33
Rebellion and wilderness judgment — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 14:1-45
Offerings and sins in the land — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 15:1-15:31
The Sabbath-breaker judged — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 15:32-15:36
Tassels as covenant remembrance — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 15:37-15:41
Korah's rebellion — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 16:1-50
Aaron's rod buds — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 17:1-13
Priestly and Levitical portions — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 18:1-32
Red heifer purification — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 19:1-22
Water from the rock at Meribah — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 20:1-13
Edom refuses Israel passage — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 20:14-20:21
Aaron's death at Mount Hor — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 20:22-20:29
Victory over Arad — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 21:1-3
Bronze serpent — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 21:4-9
Journey to Moab — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 21:10-21:20
Victories over Sihon and Og — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 21:21-21:35
Balaam and Balak — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 22:1-24:25
Baal Peor and Phinehas — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 25:1-18
Census of the new generation — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 26:1-65
Daughters of Zelophehad — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 27:1-11
Joshua commissioned — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 27:12-23
Daily, Sabbath, and monthly offerings — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 28:1-28:15
Passover, Unleavened Bread, and Weeks offerings — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 28:16-28:31
Seventh-month festival offerings — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 29:1-29:40
Vows — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 30:1-16
War against Midian — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 31:1-54
Transjordan settlement — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 32:1-42
Stages of the wilderness journey — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 33:1-56
Boundaries of Canaan and allotment leaders — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 34:1-29
Levite cities and cities of refuge — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 35:1-34
Inheritance and tribal boundaries — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Num 36:1-13
Introduction and command to enter the land — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 1:1-8
Leaders appointed — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 1:9-18
Kadesh rebellion remembered — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 1:19-46
Wilderness journey and protected peoples — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 2:1-23
Victories east of Jordan — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 2:24-3:11
Eastern allotments, Joshua, and Moses barred — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 3:12-29
Covenant exhortation against idolatry — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 4:1-40
Cities of refuge east of Jordan — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 4:41-43
Introduction to the covenant instruction — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 4:44-4:49
The Ten Words at Horeb — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 5:1-5:21
Israel's fear and Moses' mediating role — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 5:22-5:33
Love the LORD and teach the covenant — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 6:1-25
Holy people and conquest warnings — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 7:1-26
Remember the LORD in prosperity — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 8:1-20
Golden calf rebellion remembered — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 9:1-9:29
New tablets and the ark — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 10:1-10:11
What the LORD requires — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 10:12-10:22
Love, obedience, blessing, and curse — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 11:1-11:32
The chosen place of worship — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 12:1-32
False worship and apostasy — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 13:1-18
Clean food, holiness, and tithes — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 14:1-29
Debt release, slaves, and firstborn animals — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 15:1-23
Pilgrimage feasts — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 16:1-17
Justice and courts — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 16:18-17:13
The king under the law — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 17:14-20
Priests, Levites, and the prophet like Moses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 18:1-22
Cities of refuge and witnesses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 19:1-21
Warfare laws — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 20:1-20
Atonement for unsolved murder — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 21:1-21:9
Female captives in war — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 21:10-21:14
Inheritance rights of the firstborn — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 21:15-21:17
The rebellious son — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 21:18-21:21
A hanged man under curse — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 21:22-21:23
Neighbour care, order, and symbolic boundaries — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 22:1-12
Sexual justice laws — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 22:13-30
Assembly exclusions and admissions — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 23:1-23:8
Camp purity in war — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 23:9-23:14
Social obligations and neighbour rights — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 23:15-23:25
Marriage, pledge, labour, and justice for the vulnerable — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 24:1-22
Justice in punishment and care for working animals — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 25:1-25:4
Levirate duty — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 25:5-25:10
Bodily shame and honest measures — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 25:11-25:16
Remember Amalek — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 25:17-25:19
Firstfruits, tithes, and covenant affirmation — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 26:1-19
Covenant ceremony and curses at Ebal — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 27:1-26
Blessings and curses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 28:1-68
Covenant renewal in Moab — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 29:1-29
Return, heart circumcision, and choice of life — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 30:1-20
Joshua commissioned before Israel — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 31:1-31:8
The law deposited and read publicly — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 31:9-31:13
Joshua commissioned before the LORD and the witness song introduced — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 31:14-31:29
Song of Moses — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 31:30-32:47
Moses commanded to view the land — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 32:48-52
Moses blesses the tribes — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 33:1-29
Moses dies and Joshua succeeds — placed by the Pentateuch's received/internal sequence; no absolute date is assigned.
Reference: Deut 34:1-12
Joshua–initial tribal settlement
Joshua commissioned by the LORD — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 1:1-1:9
Israel prepares and the eastern tribes answer — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 1:10-1:18
Rahab and the spies — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 2:1-24
Crossing the Jordan — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 3:1-17
Memorial stones from the Jordan — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 4:1-24
Circumcision at Gilgal — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 5:1-5:9
Passover and the end of manna — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 5:10-5:12
The commander of the LORD's army — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 5:13-15
Jericho falls — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 6:1-27
Achan's sin and judgment — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 7:1-26
Ai captured — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 8:1-29
Covenant ceremony at Ebal — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 8:30-35
The Gibeonite deception — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 9:1-27
The Gibeon battle and the sun standing still — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 10:1-10:15
The five Amorite kings executed — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 10:16-10:27
Southern cities captured — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 10:28-10:43
Northern coalition defeated — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 11:1-11:15
Summary of Joshua's conquest — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 11:16-11:23
Kings defeated by Moses and Joshua — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 12:1-24
Land remaining to be possessed — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 13:1-13:7
Eastern tribal allotments — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 13:8-13:33
Caleb receives Hebron — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 14:1-15
Judah's allotment — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 15:1-63
Ephraim's allotment — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 16:1-10
Manasseh's allotment — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 17:1-18
Shiloh, survey, and renewed allotment process — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 18:1-18:10
Benjamin's allotment — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 18:11-18:28
Remaining western tribal allotments — placed by Joshua's received/internal sequence; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 19:1-19:48
Joshua's inheritance and allotment conclusion — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 19:49-19:51
Cities of refuge — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 20:1-9
Levitical cities and rest in the land — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 21:1-45
Eastern tribes and the altar of witness — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 22:1-34
Joshua's farewell exhortation — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 23:1-16
Covenant renewal at Shechem — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 24:1-24:28
Deaths and burials after Joshua — placed by Joshua's received sequence with an explicit internal relative-order anchor; no absolute BC date is assigned.
Reference: Josh 24:29-24:33
After Joshua–Samuel's judgeship
After Joshua’s death, Israel asks which tribe should go up first against the Canaanites; Judah goes up with Simeon and conducts campaigns in the south and hill country.
Reference: Judg 1:1-36
The messenger of the LORD confronts Israel at Bochim for covenant disobedience, specifically their covenants with the inhabitants of the land and their failure to tear down the inhabitants’ altars.
Reference: Judg 2:1-5
After the generation that knew Joshua dies, a later generation abandons the LORD for the Baals and Ashtoreths, and the LORD gives Israel into the hands of plunderers and enemies.
Reference: Judg 2:6-3:6
Israel serves Cushan-Rishathaim for eight years, cries to the LORD, and the LORD raises Othniel son of Kenaz as deliverer; the Spirit of the LORD comes upon him and he defeats the oppressor.
Reference: Judg 3:7-11
Israel is subjected to Eglon king of Moab for eighteen years; the left-handed Benjaminite Ehud gains a private audience and kills Eglon before escaping.
Reference: Judg 3:12-30
Shamgar son of Anath strikes down six hundred Philistines with an oxgoad.
Reference: Judg 3:31
Jabin king of Canaan, ruling at Hazor, and his commander Sisera oppress Israel for twenty years; Sisera is said to command nine hundred iron chariots.
Reference: Judg 4:1-24
Deborah and Barak sing a victory song recounting the conflict, praising those tribes that joined the struggle and reproaching tribes that did not.
Reference: Judg 5:1-31
Midian oppresses Israel for seven years, driving Israelites into mountain shelters while Midianites, Amalekites, and eastern peoples repeatedly devastate crops and livestock.
Reference: Judg 6:1-6:10
The angel of the LORD meets Gideon at Ophrah while he is threshing wheat in a winepress because of the Midianite threat and commissions him to save Israel from Midian.
Reference: Judg 6:11-6:24
Gideon obeys the LORD by tearing down his father’s altar to Baal and the Asherah beside it and by building an altar to the LORD, carrying out the action at night because he fears his household and townsmen.
Reference: Judg 6:25-6:32
Midianites, Amalekites, and eastern peoples cross the Jordan and camp in the Valley of Jezreel; the Spirit of the LORD clothes Gideon and he summons fighting men.
Reference: Judg 6:33-6:40
Gideon’s force is reduced first when the fearful depart and again at the water, leaving three hundred men so that Israel cannot boast that its own strength produced the victory.
Reference: Judg 7:1-7:8
Before the attack Gideon overhears a Midianite dream and its interpretation as foretelling Midian’s defeat at Gideon’s hand.
Reference: Judg 7:9-7:25
After defusing Ephraim’s complaint, Gideon crosses the Jordan in pursuit of Zebah and Zalmunna; Succoth and Penuel refuse provisions to his exhausted force.
Reference: Judg 8:1-8:21
The Israelites ask Gideon and his descendants to rule over them, but Gideon rejects hereditary rule and states that the LORD is to rule over Israel.
Reference: Judg 8:22-8:35
Abimelech obtains support from Shechem, kills his brothers on one stone except for Jotham, and is made king by the leaders of Shechem.
Reference: Judg 9:1-57
Tola son of Puah judges Israel for twenty-three years and is buried at Shamir in the hill country of Ephraim.
Reference: Judg 10:1-5
Israel again serves multiple foreign gods; the LORD gives the people into Philistine and Ammonite hands, and the Ammonites oppress Israel east of the Jordan for eighteen years and also cross westward.
Reference: Judg 10:6-10:18
The elders of Gilead recruit Jephthah to fight Ammon, and Jephthah sends the Ammonite king a historical argument that includes Israel’s possession of the disputed territory and a retrospective three-hundred-year notice.
Reference: Judg 11:1-11:40
Ephraim confronts Jephthah and the Gileadites; the conflict becomes civil war and Gilead defeats Ephraim.
Reference: Judg 12:1-12:7
Ibzan of Bethlehem judges Israel seven years and is described as having thirty sons and thirty daughters whose marriages create numerous outside-family alliances.
Reference: Judg 12:8-15
Israel is given into Philistine hands for forty years, and the angel of the LORD announces to Manoah’s previously barren wife that she will bear a son.
Reference: Judg 13:1-25
Samson seeks a Philistine woman at Timnah as wife despite his parents’ objection; the narrative states that this situation becomes an occasion for conflict with the Philistines.
Reference: Judg 14:1-20
After learning that his wife has been given to another man, Samson retaliates by burning Philistine grain, vineyards, and olive groves with animals and torches, and the Philistines retaliate against the woman and her father.
Reference: Judg 15:1-20
Samson goes to Gaza, where his enemies surround the place and plan to kill him at the city gate in the morning.
Reference: Judg 16:1-16:3
The Philistine rulers offer Delilah payment to discover the source of Samson’s strength; after repeated false explanations Samson finally discloses the connection with his uncut hair.
Reference: Judg 16:4-16:22
Philistine rulers gather at the temple of Dagon to celebrate Samson’s capture and bring him out for public entertainment before the assembled leaders and crowd.
Reference: Judg 16:23-16:31
Micah returns eleven hundred pieces of silver to his mother; part of the silver is used for a carved and cast image, and Micah maintains a household shrine with an ephod and teraphim.
Reference: Judg 17:1-13
Danite spies from Zorah and Eshtaol visit Micah’s house and then inspect Laish, reporting it as secure and isolated; six hundred armed Danites subsequently migrate north.
Reference: Judg 18:1-31
A Levite from the hill country of Ephraim travels to Bethlehem to recover his concubine; on the return journey the party stays at Gibeah, where an old man finally provides hospitality.
Reference: Judg 19:1-30
The tribes assemble at Mizpah and demand that Benjamin surrender the perpetrators from Gibeah; Benjamin refuses and mobilizes for battle, and Israel suffers two defeats before using an ambush to prevail.
Reference: Judg 20:1-48
Israel had sworn at Mizpah not to give daughters in marriage to Benjamin, and the aftermath of the civil war creates a crisis over Benjamin’s continued tribal survival.
Reference: Judg 21:1-25
During the days when the judges ruled, famine prompts Elimelech, Naomi, Mahlon, and Chilion of Bethlehem to migrate to Moab.
Reference: Ruth 1:1-5
Naomi learns in Moab that the LORD has provided food for his people and begins the journey back toward Judah with Ruth and Orpah.
Reference: Ruth 1:6-14
Ruth refuses Naomi’s final attempt to send her back and commits herself to Naomi’s people, Naomi’s God, and lifelong solidarity with Naomi.
Reference: Ruth 1:15-18
Naomi and Ruth arrive together at Bethlehem, where the town reacts to Naomi’s return and Naomi describes her changed condition in terms of bitter affliction.
Reference: Ruth 1:19-22
Ruth goes out to glean and comes to a field belonging to Boaz, a relative of Elimelech; Boaz learns of Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi.
Reference: Ruth 2:1-16
Ruth returns to Naomi with the grain she has gleaned and identifies Boaz as the man in whose field she worked.
Reference: Ruth 2:17-23
Naomi instructs Ruth how to approach Boaz at the threshing floor, and Ruth asks Boaz to extend his protection over her because he is a redeemer.
Reference: Ruth 3:1-18
Boaz goes to the town gate, convenes the nearer redeemer and ten elders, and publicly presents the redemption matter concerning Elimelech’s property and Ruth.
Reference: Ruth 4:1-12
Boaz marries Ruth and she bears Obed, whom the women of Bethlehem connect with Naomi’s restoration and future security.
Reference: Ruth 4:13-22
Elkanah’s household makes repeated pilgrimage to Shiloh; Hannah, distressed by barrenness, prays there and vows that a son given to her will be devoted to the LORD.
Reference: 1 Sam 1:1-28
Hannah’s prayer celebrates the LORD’s sovereign reversals: the strong are humbled, the weak strengthened, the full brought low, the hungry satisfied, and the poor raised.
Reference: 1 Sam 2:1-10
Samuel ministers before the LORD as a boy and wears a linen ephod; Hannah brings him a small robe when the family comes for the annual sacrifice.
Reference: 1 Sam 2:11-2:21
Hophni and Phinehas abuse the sacrificial system and are accused of sexual misconduct with women serving at the sanctuary; Eli rebukes his sons.
Reference: 1 Sam 2:22-2:36
The LORD repeatedly calls Samuel at Shiloh; Eli eventually recognizes that the LORD is calling the boy and instructs Samuel how to respond.
Reference: 1 Sam 3:1-21
Israel is defeated by the Philistines near Ebenezer and Aphek and then brings the ark from Shiloh into the camp accompanied by Hophni and Phinehas.
Reference: 1 Sam 4:1-22
The Philistines place the captured ark in Dagon’s temple at Ashdod, where Dagon is found fallen before it and later with head and hands broken off.
Reference: 1 Sam 5:1-12
After the ark has been in Philistine territory seven months, Philistine priests and diviners advise returning it with a guilt offering on a new cart drawn by two nursing cows.
Reference: 1 Sam 6:1-21
The ark remains at Kiriath-jearim for twenty years before Israel is described as lamenting after the LORD; Samuel calls Israel to put away the Baals and Ashtoreths and serve the LORD alone.
Reference: 1 Sam 7:1-17
Samuel–Saul's death
The elders of Israel ask Samuel to appoint a king to judge them like the surrounding nations after Samuel’s sons fail to walk in his ways.
Reference: 1 Sam 8:1-22
Saul son of Kish, a Benjaminite, searches for his father’s lost donkeys with a servant and is directed to Samuel, the seer, in the city.
Reference: 1 Sam 9:1-27
Samuel privately anoints Saul, gives him a sequence of confirming signs, and tells him that the Spirit of the LORD will rush upon him so that he will prophesy and be changed.
Reference: 1 Sam 10:1-10:16
Samuel assembles Israel at Mizpah, rebukes the people for rejecting the God who saved them, and conducts a public selection in which Saul is taken from Benjamin and the Matrite clan.
Reference: 1 Sam 10:17-10:27
Nahash the Ammonite besieges Jabesh-gilead and demands humiliating terms; Saul hears the report, the Spirit of God rushes upon him, and he summons Israel to battle.
Reference: 1 Sam 11:1-15
Samuel publicly defends the integrity of his judgeship, recounts the LORD’s past deliverances, and identifies Israel’s demand for a king in the face of Nahash as wrongdoing.
Reference: 1 Sam 12:1-25
Saul and Jonathan face a large Philistine force while many Israelites hide or flee; after waiting seven days at Gilgal, Saul offers the burnt offering before Samuel arrives.
Reference: 1 Sam 13:1-23
Jonathan and his armor-bearer approach the Philistine outpost without telling Saul, use the Philistines’ response as a sign to advance, climb to the position, and strike the initial defenders.
Reference: 1 Sam 14:1-14:23
Saul binds the troops with an oath not to eat before evening, but Jonathan, unaware of the oath, tastes honey and later learns of his father’s command.
Reference: 1 Sam 14:24-14:46
The narrative summarizes Saul’s wars against surrounding enemies and says that wherever he turned he inflicted punishment or gained success against Israel’s opponents.
Reference: 1 Sam 14:47-14:52
Samuel commands Saul to strike Amalek, but Saul and the people spare Agag and the best livestock rather than carrying out the command as given.
Reference: 1 Sam 15:1-35
The LORD sends Samuel to Bethlehem to anoint one of Jesse’s sons; Samuel is told not to judge by outward appearance because the LORD looks on the heart.
Reference: 1 Sam 16:1-16:13
The Spirit of the LORD departs from Saul and a harmful spirit troubles him; Saul’s servants propose finding a skilled lyre player, and David is recommended and brought into Saul’s service.
Reference: 1 Sam 16:14-16:23
The Philistines and Israelites face one another in the Valley of Elah while the Philistine champion Goliath repeatedly challenges Israel to single combat; David comes from Bethlehem to the camp and offers to fight him.
Reference: 1 Sam 17:1-58
After David speaks with Saul, Jonathan’s life is bound to David’s and Jonathan loves him as himself; Jonathan makes a covenant with David.
Reference: 1 Sam 18:1-18:5
After the women celebrate Saul and David, Saul becomes angry and suspicious of David, attempts to strike him with a spear, and fears him because the LORD is with David.
Reference: 1 Sam 18:6-18:30
Saul orders Jonathan and his servants to kill David, but Jonathan warns David, intercedes with Saul, and obtains an oath that David will not be put to death.
Reference: 1 Sam 19:1-24
David asks Jonathan to determine Saul’s intention toward him, and the two renew a covenant of loyalty involving Jonathan’s house and David’s future conduct toward it.
Reference: 1 Sam 20:1-42
David comes to Ahimelech the priest at Nob, represents himself as being on a secret royal mission, and asks for bread and a weapon.
Reference: 1 Sam 21:1-21:9
David flees to Achish king of Gath, where the servants of Achish recognize him through the song that contrasts Saul’s and David’s victories.
Reference: 1 Sam 21:10-21:15
David escapes to the cave of Adullam, where his family joins him and people in distress, debt, or bitterness gather to him until he has about four hundred men.
Reference: 1 Sam 22:1-22:5
Saul accuses his servants of conspiring with David, and Doeg reports that Ahimelech aided David; Saul summons the priests of Nob and rejects Ahimelech’s defense.
Reference: 1 Sam 22:6-22:23
After inquiring of the LORD, David attacks the Philistines at Keilah and saves the town; when Saul plans to trap him there, David again inquires and then leaves with his men.
Reference: 1 Sam 23:1-29
While Saul is pursuing David, David encounters Saul in a cave at En-gedi, secretly cuts off the corner of Saul’s robe, and then refuses to kill him because Saul is the LORD’s anointed.
Reference: 1 Sam 24:1-22
After Samuel’s death and Israel’s mourning, David and his men protect Nabal’s shepherds in the wilderness and ask for provisions, but Nabal answers David’s messengers insultingly.
Reference: 1 Sam 25:1-44
The Ziphites again report David’s location to Saul, and David enters Saul’s camp with Abishai while Saul and his troops sleep.
Reference: 1 Sam 26:1-25
David concludes that Saul will eventually kill him and therefore goes with six hundred men and their households to Achish king of Gath, who gives him Ziklag.
Reference: 1 Sam 27:1-12
As the Philistines gather for war against Israel, Achish tells David that he and his men are expected to accompany the Philistine forces.
Reference: 1 Sam 28:1-2
After Samuel’s death and Saul’s removal of mediums and necromancers from the land, the Philistine muster near Shunem leaves Saul afraid, and the LORD does not answer him by dreams, Urim, or prophets.
Reference: 1 Sam 28:3-25
The Philistine commanders object to David’s presence in their battle force because they fear he may turn against them and cite the song contrasting Saul’s and David’s victories.
Reference: 1 Sam 29:1-11
David and his men return to find Ziklag burned and their families taken captive; after deep distress David strengthens himself in the LORD and inquires through the priestly ephod before pursuing the raiders.
Reference: 1 Sam 30:1-31
The Philistines defeat Israel on Mount Gilboa, kill Saul’s sons including Jonathan, and severely wound Saul; when his armor-bearer refuses to kill him, Saul falls on his own sword.
Reference: 1 Sam 31:1-13
An Amalekite arrives from Saul’s camp with torn clothing and dust on his head and tells David that Saul and Jonathan are dead, claiming that he killed the mortally wounded Saul at Saul’s own request.
Reference: 2 Sam 1:1-27
David's accession–death
David is anointed king over Judah at Hebron after inquiring of the LORD about where he should go.
Reference: 2 Sam 2:1-7
Ish-bosheth reigns over Israel under Abner's sponsorship while David reigns over Judah, and warfare continues between the two royal houses.
Reference: 2 Sam 2:8-3:5
Abner breaks with Ish-bosheth and negotiates the transfer of Israelite allegiance to David.
Reference: 2 Sam 3:6-3:21
Joab murders Abner at Hebron, and David publicly mourns Abner and denies complicity in the killing.
Reference: 2 Sam 3:22-3:39
Ish-bosheth is murdered by Rechab and Baanah, and David condemns and punishes the killers rather than rewarding them.
Reference: 2 Sam 4:1-12
The tribes of Israel covenant with David at Hebron and anoint him king over all Israel.
Reference: 2 Sam 5:1-5:5
David captures the stronghold of Zion and establishes Jerusalem as his royal center.
Reference: 2 Sam 5:6-5:16
David defeats Philistine forces in two narrated campaigns after seeking divine direction.
Reference: 2 Sam 5:17-25
The ark is brought into Jerusalem after the death of Uzzah and a three-month stay in the house of Obed-edom.
Reference: 2 Sam 6:1-23
The LORD's oracle through Nathan promises an enduring Davidic house while assigning the future temple-building task to David's offspring.
Reference: 2 Sam 7:1-29
David's victories and royal administration are summarized together, including the statement that he executes justice and righteousness for his people.
Reference: 2 Sam 8:1-18
David shows covenant loyalty to Jonathan by restoring property to Mephibosheth and giving him a continuing place at the royal table.
Reference: 2 Sam 9:1-13
Conflict with Ammon expands into war with allied Aramean forces, which Israel defeats in successive engagements.
Reference: 2 Sam 10:1-19
David commits adultery with Bathsheba and arranges Uriah's death during the siege of Rabbah.
Reference: 2 Sam 11:1-27
Nathan confronts David over his sin, David confesses, and the prophetic judgment announces serious consequences within David's house.
Reference: 2 Sam 12:1-12:15
The child born from David and Bathsheba's adultery dies, after which Solomon is born to Bathsheba.
Reference: 2 Sam 12:16-12:25
Rabbah is captured and David receives the Ammonite crown and spoil after Joab summons him to complete the campaign.
Reference: 2 Sam 12:26-12:31
Amnon violates Tamar, and Absalom later kills Amnon and flees to Geshur.
Reference: 2 Sam 13:1-39
Absalom returns to Jerusalem through Joab's intervention and is eventually restored to David's presence.
Reference: 2 Sam 14:1-33
Absalom's conspiracy matures into rebellion, and David evacuates Jerusalem while sending Hushai back to oppose Ahithophel's counsel.
Reference: 2 Sam 15:1-37
During David's flight, Shimei curses David while Absalom enters Jerusalem and publicly appropriates David's concubines.
Reference: 2 Sam 16:1-23
Hushai's counsel defeats Ahithophel's immediate-pursuit plan, allowing David to receive warning and reach safety across the Jordan.
Reference: 2 Sam 17:1-29
Absalom is killed by Joab during the battle despite David's instruction to deal gently with him, and David mourns his son.
Reference: 2 Sam 18:1-33
Joab rebukes David for allowing grief over Absalom to overshadow the troops who preserved his kingdom.
Reference: 2 Sam 19:1-19:8
David returns across the Jordan amid reconciliation scenes and renewed tribal tension between Judah and Israel.
Reference: 2 Sam 19:9-19:43
Sheba's revolt follows the Israel-Judah dispute, and Joab's forces end the rebellion at Abel Beth-maacah.
Reference: 2 Sam 20:1-26
The narrative links a three-year famine with Saul's bloodguilt against the Gibeonites and records the resulting execution and burial actions involving Saul's house.
Reference: 2 Sam 21:1-14
Four notices recount renewed conflicts with Philistine warriors, including an episode in which Abishai rescues an exhausted David.
Reference: 2 Sam 21:15-22
David's song interprets the LORD as his deliverer from enemies and celebrates the LORD's covenant faithfulness to the anointed king and his offspring.
Reference: 2 Sam 22:1-51
David's last oracle presents righteous rule under the fear of God and speaks of God's everlasting covenant with David.
Reference: 2 Sam 23:1-7
The text preserves a roster and selected exploits of David's mighty men.
Reference: 2 Sam 23:8-39
David orders a census, confesses sin, receives judgment options through Gad, and a plague comes upon Israel.
Reference: 2 Sam 24:1-24:17
David builds an altar on Araunah's threshing floor after purchasing the site, and the plague is halted.
Reference: 2 Sam 24:18-24:25
Adonijah attempts to secure the succession while David is aged, drawing support from Joab and Abiathar.
Reference: 1 Kgs 1:1-1:27
David orders Solomon's public anointing at Gihon through Zadok, Nathan and Benaiah.
Reference: 1 Kgs 1:28-1:40
Adonijah's supporters disperse after Solomon's anointing, and Solomon conditionally spares Adonijah when he seeks sanctuary at the altar.
Reference: 1 Kgs 1:41-1:53
David gives Solomon final covenantal and political instructions, dies, and Solomon sits on David's throne.
Reference: 1 Kgs 2:1-2:12
Solomon's accession–kingdom division
Adonijah seeks Abishag through Bathsheba, and Solomon treats the request as a renewed claim to the throne and orders Benaiah to execute him.
Reference: 1 Kgs 2:13-2:46
Solomon makes a marriage alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt, continues to sacrifice at high places before the Temple is built, and offers a great sacrifice at Gibeon.
Reference: 1 Kgs 3:1-3:15
Two women bring competing claims over one living child before Solomon, and Solomon uses a proposed division of the child to expose the maternal compassion of the true mother.
Reference: 1 Kgs 3:16-3:28
The narrative lists Solomon's principal officials and twelve district governors responsible for provisioning the royal household.
Reference: 1 Kgs 4:1-34
Hiram of Tyre sends to Solomon, and Solomon requests cedar and cypress timber for the house of the LORD, describing David's warfare as the reason the Temple had not been built in David's time.
Reference: 1 Kgs 5:1-18
The narrative places the beginning of Temple construction in Solomon's fourth regnal year and preserves the 480-year formula from the exodus, while describing the Temple's dimensions, chambers, stones, woodwork, inner sanctuary, and cherubim.
Reference: 1 Kgs 6:1-38
Solomon's own palace complex is described as taking thirteen years to build and includes the House of the Forest of Lebanon, halls, and a separate house for Pharaoh's daughter.
Reference: 1 Kgs 7:1-51
The elders and tribal leaders assemble, the ark is brought from the City of David into the Temple, and a cloud fills the house so that the priests cannot stand to minister.
Reference: 1 Kgs 8:1-66
After Solomon finishes the Temple, palace, and desired building works, the LORD appears to him a second time and declares that Solomon's prayer has been heard and the house consecrated for the divine name.
Reference: 1 Kgs 9:1-9:9
After the twenty-year building summary, Solomon gives Hiram twenty Galilean cities, Hiram expresses displeasure with them, and the narrative records Hiram's provision of gold.
Reference: 1 Kgs 9:10-9:28
The queen of Sheba comes to test Solomon with hard questions, observes his wisdom and royal establishment, praises the LORD and Solomon, and exchanges valuable gifts with him.
Reference: 1 Kgs 10:1-29
Solomon loves many foreign women, his wives turn his heart after other gods in his old age, and he builds cultic high places; the LORD announces judgment that the kingdom will be torn from his son while preserving a portion for David and Jerusalem.
Reference: 1 Kgs 11:1-43
Division–c. 745 BC
At Shechem the northern assembly asks Rehoboam to lighten Solomon's heavy service; Rehoboam rejects the elders' counsel and answers harshly, after which the ten tribes reject the Davidic yoke and make Jeroboam king over Israel.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 12:1-12:24
Jeroboam fortifies Shechem and Penuel and, fearing renewed allegiance to the house of David through Jerusalem worship, establishes calf shrines at Bethel and Dan.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 12:25-12:33
A man of God from Judah confronts Jeroboam's altar at Bethel, announces future judgment associated with a king named Josiah, and gives a sign when the altar is torn down and its ashes poured out.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 13:1-34
Jeroboam sends his disguised wife to Ahijah concerning their sick son, and Ahijah announces judgment on Jeroboam's house because Jeroboam has turned Israel to idolatry.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 14:1-14:20
Rehoboam reigns in Judah, and the narrative says Judah does evil through high places, pillars, Asherim, and other practices that provoke the LORD.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 14:21-14:31
Abijam reigns in Judah and is evaluated negatively, yet the narrative says the LORD preserves a lamp in Jerusalem for David's sake; Asa succeeds him and is evaluated as doing what is right before the LORD.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 15:1-24
Nadab is killed by Baasha, who destroys Jeroboam's house; Baasha's own dynasty then receives prophetic judgment, and Elah is killed by Zimri, whose reign lasts seven days before he dies when Omri's faction prevails.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 15:25-16:34
Elijah announces that there will be no dew or rain except by his word, and during the drought he is sustained first at the brook Cherith and then by a widow at Zarephath whose flour and oil do not fail.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 17:1-24
Elijah confronts Ahab and summons Israel and the prophets of Baal to Mount Carmel, where the LORD answers Elijah's sacrifice by fire while Baal gives no answer.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 18:1-46
After Jezebel threatens his life, Elijah flees through the wilderness to Horeb, where the LORD addresses his despair and manifests his presence after wind, earthquake, and fire.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 19:1-21
Ben-hadad of Aram and allied kings besiege Samaria, but prophetic messages announce victory for Ahab, and Israel defeats the Arameans in successive campaigns.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 20:1-43
Naboth refuses Ahab's request for his ancestral vineyard, and Jezebel arranges false accusations and Naboth's execution so that Ahab can take possession of the vineyard.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 21:1-29
After a period of peace, Ahab and Jehoshaphat plan a campaign against Ramoth-gilead; Micaiah opposes the favorable court prophets and foretells Israel scattered without a shepherd and Ahab's death.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 22:1-40
Jehoshaphat reigns in Judah and is evaluated as walking in the way of Asa and doing what is right, although the high places are not removed and the people continue sacrificing there.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 22:41-22:50
Ahaziah son of Ahab reigns over Israel for two years and is evaluated as doing evil in the sight of the LORD.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 1 Kgs 22:51-22:53
After Ahab's death Moab rebels, and the injured Ahaziah sends messengers to inquire of Baal-zebub of Ekron; Elijah intercepts them and announces that Ahaziah will die because he sought a foreign deity rather than the God of Israel.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 1:1-18
Elijah and Elisha travel from Gilgal through Bethel and Jericho to the Jordan; Elijah strikes the water with his cloak, the two cross on dry ground, and Elijah is taken up in a whirlwind while Elisha receives his cloak.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 2:1-25
Joram of Israel joins Jehoshaphat of Judah and the king of Edom against Moab; when the coalition lacks water, Elisha announces both water and victory without rain or wind.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 3:1-27
A prophet's widow facing debt and the threatened seizure of her sons asks Elisha for help; he instructs her to gather empty vessels and pour from her small jar of oil.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 4:1-4:7
A prominent woman at Shunem provides regular hospitality for Elisha and prepares a room for him; Elisha announces that she will have a son despite her husband's age, and the promised child is born.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 4:8-4:37
During famine at Gilgal, a pot of stew becomes dangerous after wild gourds are added, and Elisha makes the food harmless before the prophetic company eats it.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 4:38-4:44
Naaman, commander of the army of Aram, comes to Elisha with a skin disease and is told to wash seven times in the Jordan; after initial anger he obeys and his flesh is restored.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 5:1-27
While the prophetic company is enlarging its meeting place by the Jordan, a borrowed iron axe head falls into the water.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 6:1-7
Elisha repeatedly warns the king of Israel about Aramean plans, frustrating the king of Aram, who sends forces to seize Elisha at Dothan.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 6:8-23
Ben-hadad besieges Samaria so severely that the narrative depicts extreme famine and social horror; Elisha nevertheless announces that abundant food will be available the next day.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 6:24-7:20
The Shunammite woman obeys Elisha's warning to leave because of a seven-year famine and resides in Philistine territory during the famine.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 8:1-6
Elisha comes to Damascus while Ben-hadad is ill; Hazael asks through Elisha whether the king will recover, and Elisha says the illness itself is survivable while also announcing the king's death and Hazael's future rule.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 8:7-15
Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat reigns in Judah, is linked by marriage to the house of Ahab, and is evaluated as doing evil, though the LORD does not destroy Judah because of the covenant with David.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 8:16-8:24
Ahaziah son of Jehoram reigns in Judah for one year and is evaluated as walking in the way of the house of Ahab because of his family connection with that house.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 8:25-8:29
A prophetic messenger anoints Jehu king and commissions judgment against Ahab's house; Jehu then drives to Jezreel, where he kills Joram of Israel and pursues and mortally wounds Ahaziah of Judah.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 9:1-37
Jehu challenges the guardians and officials of Ahab's seventy sons in Samaria; they kill the princes and send their heads to Jezreel, and Jehu proceeds against the remaining house of Ahab.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 10:1-10:17
Jehu gathers Baal's worshipers under the pretense of a great sacrifice, ensures that no servant of the LORD is present, and orders the assembled Baal worshipers killed and the temple of Baal demolished.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 10:18-10:36
Athaliah attempts to destroy the royal family after Ahaziah's death, but Jehosheba hides the infant Joash in the house of the LORD for six years while Athaliah rules.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 11:1-21
Joash becomes king at seven years of age and is evaluated as doing right while Jehoiada instructs him; he directs that temple funds be used to repair damage to the house of the LORD.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 12:1-21
Jehoahaz son of Jehu reigns over Israel and continues the sin of Jeroboam, while Hazael and Ben-hadad oppress Israel.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 13:1-13:9
Jehoash son of Jehoahaz reigns over Israel and continues the sin of Jeroboam; near Elisha's death he visits the prophet, who uses arrows to symbolize Israel's coming victories over Aram.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 13:10-13:25
Amaziah reigns in Judah and is evaluated as doing right though not like David; he executes his father's assassins but not their children, in accordance with the written law cited by the narrative.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 14:1-14:22
Jeroboam II reigns over Israel for forty-one years and continues the sin of Jeroboam son of Nebat.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 14:23-14:29
Azariah son of Amaziah reigns in Judah for fifty-two years and is evaluated as doing what is right, although the high places remain and the people continue sacrificing there.
Qualification: Preserve received relative sequence, explicit regnal/duration notices, source-family independence and external anchor constraints without selecting a full absolute chronology, formal co-regency, textual reading, composition model or archaeological event identity.
Reference: 2 Kgs 15:1-15:7
c. 745–c. 640 BC
2 Kings 15:8–31 narrates a rapid succession of northern rulers—Zechariah, Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah and Pekah—with several accessions occurring through assassination before Pekah is killed by Hoshea.
Reference: 2 Kgs 15:8-15:31
Jotham becomes king of Judah at age twenty-five, reigns sixteen years, and is evaluated as doing what was right in the sight of the LORD, although the high places are not removed.
Reference: 2 Kgs 15:32-15:38
Ahaz is evaluated as not doing what was right in the sight of the LORD; the narrative associates his reign with prohibited worship practices, including child sacrifice, high places and offerings under trees.
Reference: 2 Kgs 16:1-20
Hoshea becomes king of Israel, serves the king of Assyria and then rebels; Assyria imprisons Hoshea, besieges Samaria for three years, captures the city and deports Israelites into Assyrian territory.
Reference: 2 Kgs 17:1-41
Hezekiah is evaluated as doing what was right in the sight of the LORD; he removes high places, breaks pillars, cuts down the Asherah and destroys the bronze serpent because Israelites had been making offerings to it.
Reference: 2 Kgs 18:1-12
In Hezekiah's fourteenth year Sennacherib king of Assyria comes against Judah's fortified cities; Hezekiah sends tribute from Lachish, including silver, gold and metal stripped from the temple doors and pillars.
Reference: 2 Kgs 18:13-37
Hezekiah responds to the Assyrian threat by seeking the LORD through Isaiah and by praying in the temple; Isaiah announces that Jerusalem will not be given to the Assyrian king.
Reference: 2 Kgs 19:1-37
Hezekiah becomes mortally ill; after his prayer Isaiah announces that the LORD has heard him, promises fifteen additional years, and gives a sign involving the shadow moving backward.
Reference: 2 Kgs 20:1-21
Manasseh reigns fifty-five years and is evaluated as doing evil: he rebuilds high places, erects altars for Baal and Asherah, worships the host of heaven, practices prohibited occult rites and installs idolatrous objects in the temple.
Reference: 2 Kgs 21:1-26
c. 640–586 BC
2 Kings 22:1–20 presents Josiah as beginning to reign at age eight for a thirty-one-year reign and places the temple-repair/book-discovery episode in his eighteenth year.
Reference: 2 Kgs 22:1-20
2 Kings 23:1–27 narrates Josiah's public reading and covenant renewal followed by extensive actions against illicit cult objects, personnel, high places and altars in Jerusalem, Judah and Bethel.
Reference: 2 Kgs 23:1-23:27
2 Kings 23:28–30 narrates Pharaoh Neco's northward movement, Josiah's encounter with him at Megiddo, Josiah's death, return to Jerusalem and burial.
Reference: 2 Kgs 23:28-23:30
2 Kings 23:31–24:7 presents Jehoahaz as reigning three months before Neco removes him at Riblah, imposes tribute, installs Eliakim/Jehoiakim and changes his royal name.
Reference: 2 Kgs 23:31-24:7
2 Kings 24:8–20 narrates Jehoiachin's short reign, Babylonian siege/surrender, removal of wealth and elite groups, and Nebuchadnezzar's installation and renaming of Mattaniah as Zedekiah.
Reference: 2 Kgs 24:8-20
2 Kings 25:1–21 dates the final siege by Zedekiah's regnal years and narrates the breach, royal flight/capture, Riblah judgment and Zedekiah's removal toward Babylon.
Reference: 2 Kgs 25:1-25:21
586–539 BC
2 Kings 25:22–26 narrates Nebuchadnezzar's appointment of Gedaliah over those remaining in Judah, the gathering of commanders at Mizpah, Gedaliah's counsel to live under Babylonian rule, his assassination in the seventh month, and the subsequent flight toward Egypt.
Reference: 2 Kgs 25:22-25:26
2 Kings 25:27–30 dates Jehoiachin's release to the thirty-seventh year of his exile, in the twelfth month on the twenty-seventh day, and places the action in the reign of Evil-merodach, king of Babylon.
Reference: 2 Kgs 25:27-25:30
539–332 BC
Ezra 1:1-11 presents cyrus's decree and the temple vessels within the received Ezra narrative.
Reference: Ezra 1:1-11
Ezra 3:1-7 presents the altar restored and worship resumes within the received Ezra narrative.
Reference: Ezra 3:1-7
Ezra 3:8-13 presents the temple foundation laid and the people respond within the received Ezra narrative.
Reference: Ezra 3:8-13
Ezra 4:24-5:5 presents rebuilding resumes through prophetic encouragement within the received Ezra narrative.
Reference: Ezra 4:24-5:5
Ezra 6:13-22 presents the temple completed and Passover kept within the received Ezra narrative.
Reference: Ezra 6:13-22
Neh 2:11-20 presents nehemiah inspects the walls and calls the people to build within the received Nehemiah narrative.
Reference: Neh 2:11-20
Neh 5:1-13 presents economic injustice confronted within the received Nehemiah narrative.
Reference: Neh 5:1-13
Neh 6:15-19 presents the wall completed and Tobiah's letters exposed within the received Nehemiah narrative.
Reference: Neh 6:15-19
Neh 8:1-12 presents the Law read and understood within the received Nehemiah narrative.
Reference: Neh 8:1-12
Esth 7:1-10 presents haman exposed and executed within the received Esther narrative.
Reference: Esth 7:1-10
Esth 8:1-17 presents the decree reversed within the received Esther narrative.
Reference: Esth 8:1-17
Esth 9:20-32 presents purim instituted and confirmed within the received Esther narrative.
Reference: Esth 9:20-32
332–167 BC
Alexander's defeat of Persian power and Levantine campaign provide the working transition into the Hellenistic period.
Alexander's Levantine campaign reached Tyre and Gaza in the campaign sequence before Egypt.
After Alexander's death, his successors divided rule and contested the kingdoms.
The battle of Raphia is a major Hellenistic interstate anchor in the war between Antiochus III and Ptolemy IV.
The battle at Panium/Paneas was a decisive Seleucid victory in the struggle for Coele-Syria.
Judea and Jerusalem passed from the Ptolemaic sphere into Seleucid rule in the political transition after the conflict around Panium.
The Heliodorus temple-finance tradition is set under Seleucus IV, before Antiochus IV's accession.
Antiochus IV succeeded Seleucus IV and became the Seleucid ruler associated with the later Judean crisis.
Antiochus IV campaigned against Ptolemaic Egypt before the Judean sanctuary crisis.
Antiochus IV undertook a later Egyptian campaign before Roman intervention forced withdrawal.
Roman intervention led by Popillius Laenas compelled Antiochus IV to withdraw from Egypt.
Ancient Judean sources describe Seleucid coercion against distinctive Jewish cultic and covenant practices.
1 Maccabees places a profaning altar or abomination in the Jerusalem sanctuary during the late Antiochus IV crisis.
The Rosetta Decree provides a dated Ptolemaic priestly-decree anchor under Ptolemy V.
167–63 BC
1 Maccabees places the sanctuary crisis and coercive measures immediately before its account of Mattathias and the organized revolt, supporting a phased working transition around 167 BC rather than an instantaneous institutional reset.
1 Maccabees locates Mattathias at Modein, names his sons, and presents him as a priestly figure who rejects royal cultic enforcement.
1 Maccabees presents Judas Maccabaeus as succeeding Mattathias in resistance leadership.
1 Maccabees describes the purification of the Jerusalem sanctuary, reconstruction or replacement of profaned cultic installations, and renewed sacrifice.
1 Maccabees reports that Judas sent an embassy to Rome and reproduces a formalized friendship/alliance text.
1 Maccabees places Judas's death in the battle sequence against Bacchides near Elasa.
1 Maccabees places Jonathan's appointment to the high priesthood within the rivalry between Alexander Balas and Demetrius I.
1 Maccabees reports the removal of tribute obligations under Simon during weakening Seleucid control.
1 Maccabees reports the assassination of Simon and two of his sons by Ptolemy son of Abubus.
Josephus describes John Hyrcanus facing renewed Seleucid pressure, including Antiochus VII's campaign against Jerusalem.
Josephus presents Aristobulus I as succeeding John Hyrcanus and as a short-lived Hasmonean ruler.
Josephus describes a long reign of Alexander Jannaeus marked by territorial campaigns and severe internal conflict.
Josephus presents Salome Alexandra as succeeding Alexander Jannaeus and ruling Judea during 76–67 BC.
Josephus narrates a succession conflict between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II after Salome Alexandra's death.
Josephus places Pompey's intervention and capture of Jerusalem in the final phase of the Hyrcanus II/Aristobulus II conflict.
1 Maccabees closes its narrative in the early rule of John Hyrcanus and therefore does not itself narrate the 63 BC Pompeian transition.
63 BC–AD 30/33
Pompey's intervention culminated in the capture of Jerusalem in 63 BC and left Hyrcanus II in a continuing but altered position under Roman dominance rather than erasing all Judean institutions at once.
Parthian intervention in 40 BC enabled Antigonus Mattathias to seize power in Judea and displaced the prior Hyrcanus/Herodian political arrangement.
Herod received Roman backing for kingship in 40 BC and subsequently established control of Jerusalem by 37 BC; the precise sequence is governed by Roman/Josephian chronology controls.
Herod undertook major building programs, including a large-scale expansion of the Jerusalem Temple complex; construction phases extend across his reign and beyond a single event date.
Herod's death was followed by a Roman-mediated succession settlement involving Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip; the exact absolute year remains within the governed death-date alternatives.
Archelaus, Antipas, and Philip received differentiated territories and titles after Herod's death, creating distinct political jurisdictions within the wider Roman order.
After Archelaus' removal, Judea came under direct Roman provincial administration around AD 6, while neighboring Herodian territories continued under tetrarchic rule.
Augustus and Tiberius supply the imperial regnal framework within which late Herodian and Gospel-period synchronisms are expressed.
The Gospels identify Annas and Caiaphas within the high-priestly leadership horizon, while Josephian evidence documents rapid high-priestly succession under Roman/Herodian influence.
The canonical Gospels and Josephus independently attest John the Baptist as a public Jewish figure associated with baptism and moral/religious exhortation; Josephus also connects his imprisonment/death with Herod Antipas.
Matthew and Luke place Jesus' birth and infancy within Herodian and Roman administrative horizons, while the exact relation among Herod's death, registration/census evidence, and absolute birth date remains open.
The canonical Gospels place a substantial portion of Jesus' public ministry in Galilee and associate Capernaum prominently with that ministry; exact inter-Gospel sequencing remains open.
John structures significant portions of Jesus' ministry around Jerusalem visits and Jewish feasts, creating a Johannine narrative clock that must not be collapsed automatically into a sole Synoptic absolute chronology.
All four Gospels place Jesus' final week in a Passover horizon, but the exact relationship among meal terminology, Jewish calendars, day reckoning, and Synoptic/Johannine sequencing remains open.
The Gospels place Jesus before Jewish authorities and Pontius Pilate, with Luke also narrating a Herod Antipas episode; exact jurisdictional procedure and sequence remain subject to controlled historical analysis.
All four canonical Gospels narrate Jesus' crucifixion under Pontius Pilate and subsequent burial, while exact calendrical date and disputed physical-site identifications remain open.
AD 30/33–66
Acts 1:1-11: Prologue and ascension
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 1:1-11
Acts 1:12-26: Matthias chosen
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 1:12-26
Acts 2:1-13: Pentecost and the Spirit poured out
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 2:1-13
Acts 2:14-21: Peter explains Pentecost from Joel
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 2:14-21
Acts 2:22-36: Peter proclaims Jesus crucified and exalted
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 2:22-36
Acts 2:37-41: Repentance, baptism, and Pentecost response
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 2:37-41
Acts 2:42-47: The Jerusalem community
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 2:42-47
Acts 3:1-10: The lame man healed
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 3:1-10
Acts 3:11-26: Peter's temple sermon
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 3:11-26
Acts 4:1-22: Peter and John before the council
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 4:1-22
Acts 4:23-31: The church prays for boldness
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 4:23-31
Acts 4:32-37: Common life and Barnabas
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 4:32-37
Acts 5:1-11: Ananias and Sapphira
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 5:1-11
Acts 5:12-16: Signs and growth in Jerusalem
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 5:12-16
Acts 5:17-42: The apostles arrested and released
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 5:17-42
Acts 6:1-7: The seven appointed
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 6:1-7
Acts 6:8-15: Stephen seized
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 6:8-15
Acts 7:1-8: Stephen recalls Abraham and the promise
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 7:1-8
Acts 7:9-16: Stephen recalls Joseph and the patriarchs
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 7:9-16
Acts 7:17-43: Stephen recalls Moses, rejection, and wilderness idolatry
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 7:17-43
Acts 7:44-53: Stephen indicts temple confidence and resistance
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 7:44-53
Acts 7:54-8:3: Stephen martyred and Saul persecutes
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 7:54-8:3
Acts 8:4-25: Philip in Samaria and Simon
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 8:4-25
Acts 8:26-40: Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 8:26-40
Acts 9:1-19: Saul encounters the risen Jesus and is baptised
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 9:1-19
Acts 9:20-25: Saul proclaims Jesus in Damascus and escapes
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 9:20-25
Acts 9:26-31: Saul received in Jerusalem and the church has peace
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 9:26-31
Acts 9:32-43: Aeneas healed and Tabitha raised
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 9:32-43
Acts 10:1-8: Cornelius receives angelic instruction
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 10:1-8
Acts 10:9-23: Peter's rooftop vision and summons
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 10:9-23
Acts 10:24-33: Peter meets Cornelius and hears the explanation
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 10:24-33
Acts 10:34-43: Peter proclaims Jesus to Gentiles
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 10:34-43
Acts 10:44-48: The Spirit falls on Gentiles and they are baptised
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 10:44-48
Acts 11:1-18: Peter explains Gentile inclusion
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 11:1-18
Acts 11:19-30: Antioch church and famine relief
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 11:19-30
Acts 12:1-19: Peter delivered from prison
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 12:1-19
Acts 12:20-25: Herod judged and the word grows
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 12:20-25
Acts 13:1-12: Barnabas and Saul sent; Cyprus
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 13:1-12
Acts 13:13-25: Paul begins the synagogue sermon with Israel's story
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 13:13-25
Acts 13:26-41: Paul proclaims Jesus, resurrection, and warning
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 13:26-41
Acts 13:42-52: Mixed response in Pisidian Antioch
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 13:42-52
Acts 14:1-7: Witness and opposition in Iconium
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 14:1-7
Acts 14:8-20: Lystra: healing, idolatry, and stoning
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 14:8-20
Acts 14:21-28: Return, elders, and mission report
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 14:21-28
Acts 15:1-5: Circumcision controversy reaches Jerusalem
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 15:1-5
Acts 15:6-21: Apostolic deliberation and James' judgment
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 15:6-21
Acts 15:22-35: The Jerusalem letter delivered to Antioch
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 15:22-35
Acts 15:36-41: Paul and Barnabas separate
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 15:36-41
Acts 16:1-10: Timothy joins and the Macedonian call
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 16:1-10
Acts 16:11-15: Lydia receives the gospel
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 16:11-15
Acts 16:16-40: The Philippian jailer and prison deliverance
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 16:16-40
Acts 17:1-9: Thessalonica: reasoning and riot
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 17:1-9
Acts 17:10-15: Berea receives the word
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 17:10-15
Acts 17:16-34: Paul in Athens
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 17:16-34
Acts 18:1-17: Paul in Corinth
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 18:1-17
Acts 18:18-23: Return to Antioch and third journey begins
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 18:18-23
Acts 18:24-28: Apollos instructed and strengthened
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 18:24-28
Acts 19:1-10: Disciples in Ephesus and the school of Tyrannus
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 19:1-10
Acts 19:11-20: Extraordinary works and the word grows
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 19:11-20
Acts 19:21-22: Paul resolves to go to Jerusalem and Rome
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 19:21-22
Acts 19:23-41: The Ephesian riot over Artemis
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 19:23-41
Acts 20:1-16: Journey through Macedonia, Greece, and Troas
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 20:1-16
Acts 20:17-38: Paul addresses the Ephesian elders
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 20:17-38
Acts 21:1-16: Journey to Jerusalem
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 21:1-16
Acts 21:17-26: Paul meets James and purifies himself
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 21:17-26
Acts 21:27-36: Paul arrested in the temple
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 21:27-36
Acts 21:37-22:21: Paul's defense to the crowd
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 21:37-22:21
Acts 22:22-29: Paul reveals Roman citizenship
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 22:22-29
Acts 22:30-23:11: Paul before the Sanhedrin
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 22:30-23:11
Acts 23:12-35: Plot against Paul and transfer to Caesarea
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 23:12-35
Acts 24:1-27: Paul before Felix
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 24:1-27
Acts 25:1-12: Paul appeals to Caesar
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 25:1-12
Acts 25:13-27: Festus consults Agrippa
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 25:13-27
Acts 26:1-23: Paul's defense before Agrippa
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 26:1-23
Acts 26:24-32: Agrippa, Festus, and the verdict
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 26:24-32
Acts 27:1-12: Voyage to Rome begins
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 27:1-12
Acts 27:13-26: Storm, loss of hope, and Paul's angelic assurance
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 27:13-26
Acts 27:27-38: Approach to land and final meal
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 27:27-38
Acts 27:39-44: Shipwreck and all reach land safely
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 27:39-44
Acts 28:1-10: Malta: deliverance and healing
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 28:1-10
Acts 28:11-16: Arrival in Rome
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 28:11-16
Acts 28:17-31: Paul's ministry in Rome
Qualification: Relative canonical-narrative sequence; no absolute date assigned.
Reference: Acts 28:17-31
AD 66–100
First Jewish Revolt outbreak, Cestius Gallus campaign and early Judean/Roman war sequence
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Galilee campaign, Vespasian/Titus operations and northern war theaters
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Josephus as participant/historian; War, Antiquities, Life and source/work relationships
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Jerusalem factions, priestly/revolutionary groups and internal conflict during the war
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Roman siege of Jerusalem, chronology, military operations and population effects
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Temple destruction, material evidence, historical consequences and theological interpretation controls
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Titus, Flavian settlement, Judean administration and immediate post-war policy
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Masada and post-70 resistance episodes with chronology and source controls
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
First Revolt coinage, legends, chronology and political-symbolic competence
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Year 1–5 silver shekel issues
Jerusalem AD 70 destruction strata, siege archaeology and urban material evidence
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Jewish Quarter destruction strata
Masada, Gamla and related war archaeology under site/locus controls
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Masada excavation corpora
Flavian victory ideology, coinage, monuments and later commemoration including Arch of Titus
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Hist. 1
Fiscus Judaicus, Roman tax/legal administration and Jewish status after AD 70
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Ant. 20
Judean/Jewish communal reconstitution after Temple destruction
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Yavneh/Jabneh and Johanan ben Zakkai traditions with chronology and source-distance controls
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Birkat ha-Minim, synagogue boundaries and Jewish-Christian separation claims
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Domitian 10–15
Diaspora Jewish communities, synagogues, legal status and post-war adaptation
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Against Apion 1
Nero, AD 68–69 succession, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian and Nerva imperial contexts
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
Peter and Paul death traditions, chronology, Rome context and source dependence
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Ant. 20
Jerusalem church leadership/succession and Pella-flight tradition
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: HE 2.25
Rome Christian/Jewish community, persecution/recovery and late-first-century context
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Ann. 15.38–44
Asia Minor/Ephesus churches, civic-religious context and late-apostolic development
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Domitian 10–15
Johannine Gospel/letters traditions, possible Ephesian context, date/provenance open
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: HE 2.25
Revelation, imperial cult, persecution, Rome/Asia relations and emperor/date models
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Domitian 10–15
Hebrews, James, Petrine/Jude and Pastoral writings as documentary candidates with dates/provenance open
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Hebrews 1–13
1 Clement, Rome/Corinth, leadership/conflict and near-AD-100 witness
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: 1 Clem. 1–3
Didache candidate traditions, date/provenance and early Christian practice/reception
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Did. 1–6
Transition from diverse Second Temple Judaism toward later rabbinic formations without false linearity
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: Against Apion 1
Transmission of Josephus, Roman sources and candidate canonical/early-Christian documents; manuscript/version/reception clocks
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: t. Berakhot
Judea, Galilee, Jerusalem, Masada, diaspora, Rome, Asia Minor and war/travel geography
Qualification: Qualified period/module sequence and source-locus context only; no absolute date or disputed reconstruction is assigned.
Reference: War 1
AD 100–150
Qualification: Administrative horizon is bounded to Pliny's Bithynia-Pontus governorship; exact letter sequencing remains qualified.
Qualification: The inscription and coinage are firm anchors; Aelia/revolt causation remains open.
Qualification: Detailed campaign sequence, individual document dates and year-by-year coin chronology remain open.
AD 150–193
Qualification: AD 177 is licensed for the event horizon only; exact original-letter form and later transmission remain distinct.
Qualification: This is a political-context anchor and does not itself establish Christian policy.
Qualification: The trial horizon is secure; original language, recension history and transcript relation remain open.
Qualification: The political endpoint does not establish a universal ecclesial or doctrinal discontinuity.
AD 193–249
Qualification: The event horizon is distinguished from the document's first-person sections, editorial layer and later manuscript transmission.
Qualification: The surviving documentary text is fragmentary; scope details, exceptions and motive interpretations remain open.
Qualification: The AD 215 material-copy horizon is distinct from the original promulgation in AD 212/213.
Qualification: The political horizon does not by itself establish the scope of anti-Christian action.
AD 249–284
Qualification: Eusebius is a fourth-century carrier; the event horizon is accepted while exact day and detailed mechanism require separate Roman chronological evidence.
Qualification: The date is secure for this document and locality only; it is not the date of the original imperial order.
Qualification: The certificate demonstrates local implementation and documentary procedure; it does not independently establish uniform enforcement outside its administrative setting.
Qualification: The document is later than the Decian crisis, and the reason for arrest is unstated; it must not be retrojected into the AD 257–258 Valerianic measures.
Qualification: The event date is accepted while the court-record/editorial transmission history of the Acta remains distinct.
Qualification: The report is strong for Sixtus and the date; it does not authenticate later Lawrence narrative details.
Qualification: The execution date is licensed; exact stenographic/editorial history and wording of the transmitted proceedings remain open.
Qualification: This is a research-period boundary, not a claim of abrupt ecclesial discontinuity at AD 284.
AD 284–324
Qualification: These are Nicomedia anchors; they do not make 24 February a uniform date of receipt or implementation throughout the empire.
Qualification: The exact motives for abdication and the subsequent constitutional meaning of the succession are separate questions.
Qualification: The exact day anchors death/acclamation; Constantine’s subsequent recognition and rank within the imperial college developed separately.
Qualification: The exact date is local to the Nicomedia promulgation; subsequent regional implementation remains distinct.
Qualification: The battle date is secure; its theological interpretation and the chronology of Constantine’s personal religious development are separate questions.
Qualification: The date anchors the military event; it does not by itself settle Maximin’s prior religious motives or the chronology of every subsequent measure.
Qualification: The Milan meeting and the Nicomedia promulgation are related but distinct events.
Qualification: The sequence includes changing alliances and conflicts rather than one continuous religious-policy trajectory.
Qualification: The secure opening date does not settle the chronology of every subsequent appeal or enforcement action.
AD 325–337
Qualification: The year and venue are secure, but this claim does not select one disputed opening, session, or closing calendar.
Qualification: The witnesses differ in genre and date; this licenses the site/building/pilgrimage horizon, not every later holy-site tradition.
Qualification: The dates are licensed chronology anchors; they do not settle every later allegation about the election procedure.
Qualification: The dedication date is licensed as an absolute anchor; later ecclesiastical status and jurisdiction are not backdated to AD 330.
Qualification: The council/inquiry sequence is chronology-licensed, but the truth of each allegation and procedural fairness require separate adjudication.
Qualification: The AD 335 horizon is secure; the exact dedication day remains disputed and is not frozen here.
Qualification: The exile sequence is chronology-licensed; exact motives and responsibility for each step remain source-specific.
Qualification: The AD 336 horizon is timeline-licensed, but the exact antecedent composition dates and later rehabilitation/condemnation history remain separately clocked.
Qualification: The restoration sequence is historically recoverable, while the exact procedural steps and all motives remain source-bounded.
Qualification: The death date is absolute-licensed; the baptism narrative remains primarily Eusebian and later elaborations must be separately controlled.
Qualification: The transition horizon is timeline-licensed; the detailed violence and responsibility within the succession crisis remain separately controlled.
AD 337–400
Constantine’s sons emerged as imperial successors after his death, and Constantine II died in conflict with Constans near Aquileia in AD 340.
Qualification: Ancient epitomes compress dynastic detail; territorial partition mechanics remain separately controlled.
Imperial constitutions in AD 341–346 show legislation against sacrifice alongside selective preservation of some temple buildings, demonstrating policy variation within the Constantian period.
Qualification: The AD 438 code is a later legal carrier; promulgation does not prove uniform enforcement in every locality.
The first Sirmium formula belongs to the AD 351 Photinus-related dossier and is textually distinct from later Sirmium formulae.
Qualification: Athanasius and Hilary are theological interpreters as well as carriers; formula text and polemical evaluation are separated.
The second Sirmium formula of AD 357 is transmitted as a Latin formula that rejects ousia terminology in the controversy.
Qualification: Labels such as “Blasphemy of Sirmium” are polemical reception labels, not neutral document titles.
Separate western and eastern council processes met at Rimini and Seleucia in AD 359.
Qualification: The surviving dossier is uneven and often transmitted through polemical carriers; detailed attendance and voting sequences remain open.
Julian states that exiles under Constantius were allowed to return to their countries but not automatically to their churches, and he specifically ordered Athanasius to leave Alexandria.
Qualification: Imperial rhetoric is hostile to Athanasius; the order itself is direct evidence for policy toward him.
Ammianus reports Julian reopening temples and permitting sacrificial cult while also summoning competing Christian bishops, a policy he interprets as exploiting Christian dissension.
Qualification: Ammianus is a near-contemporary pagan historian; his motive attribution is his interpretation and is not independently adopted.
After Julian’s death in AD 363, the army selected Jovian as emperor.
Qualification: Ammianus is a principal near-contemporary narrative; details of deliberation remain his account.
Jovian concluded a Persian settlement that ceded territories and required the transfer of Nisibis and Singara, with population displacement.
Qualification: Ammianus strongly disapproved of the treaty; the terms and his evaluative rhetoric are separated.
The AD 363 Roman–Persian settlement transferred Nisibis and required population evacuation, materially changing the Christian frontier context.
Qualification: Ammianus supplies treaty narrative; Ephrem supplies Christian reception. The two are not independent accounts of every treaty clause.
Jovian died at Dadastana in AD 364; Ammianus records multiple reported causes rather than a certain mechanism.
Qualification: Cause-of-death alternatives remain open; only the death event and location corridor are accepted.
Valentinian I was selected emperor in AD 364 and elevated his brother Valens as co-Augustus, creating a new imperial division.
Qualification: Ammianus provides the principal narrative; private motives and exact factional negotiations remain bounded.
Athanasius’s Festal Letter 39 (AD 367) lists the twenty-seven books of the New Testament and distinguishes other books recommended for reading from canonical books.
Qualification: This is an Alexandrian episcopal list; it is not automatically a universal fourth-century canon decree.
Valens was defeated and killed in the battle of Adrianople in AD 378, ending his eastern reign.
Qualification: Ammianus gives the primary surviving narrative; exact circumstances of Valens’s death were already uncertain in antiquity.
CTh 16.1.2 (Cunctos populos), issued at Thessalonica on 27 February AD 380, orders imperial subjects to follow the religion associated with Damasus of Rome and Peter of Alexandria and confesses Father, Son and Holy Spirit as one divinity in equal majesty.
Qualification: The law survives in the AD 438 Theodosian Code; its wording is stronger evidence than assumptions about immediate empire-wide enforcement.
The AD 381 legislation names bishops such as Nectarius and Timothy as communion markers for authorized church possession.
Qualification: The constitution is evidence for imperial legal policy; it does not prove uniform ecclesial compliance.
A council met at Constantinople in AD 381 in the Theodosian context and Gregory Nazianzen personally participated in its episcopal crisis.
Qualification: Gregory is direct for his own participation and departure; later counts and full participant lists are separately controlled.
Jerome states in AD 384 that Latin Gospel manuscripts varied and that he revised them toward Greek exemplars.
Qualification: This directly supports a late-fourth-century Latin textual-revision context, not a complete history of the Old Latin tradition.
By AD 392 Theodosius, Arcadius and Honorius prohibited sacrifice and specified penalties in CTh 16.10.12.
Qualification: Promulgated law is not identical to universal enforcement or complete disappearance of traditional cult.
