Responsibilities toward government and neighbors

13:1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God's appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God. 13:2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment 13:3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation, 13:4 for it is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be in fear, for it does not bear the sword in vain. It is God's servant to administer retribution on the wrongdoer. 13:5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 13:6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God's servants devoted to governing. 13:7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. 13:8 Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law. 13:9 For the commandments, "Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet," (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, "Love your neighbor as yourself." 13:10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law. 13:11 And do this because we know the time, that it is already the hour for us to awake from sleep, for our salvation is now nearer than when we became believers. 13:12 The night has advanced toward dawn; the day is near. So then we must lay aside the works of darkness, and put on the weapons of light. 13:13 Let us live decently as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in discord and jealousy. 13:14 Instead, put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to arouse its desires. 14:1 Now receive the one who is weak in the faith, and do not have disputes over differing opinions. 14:2 One person believes in eating everything, but the weak person eats only vegetables. 14:3 The one who eats everything must not despise the one who does not, and the one who abstains must not judge the one who eats everything, for God has accepted him. 14:4 Who are you to pass judgment on another's servant? Before his own master he stands or falls. And he will stand, for the Lord is able to make him stand. 14:5 One person regards one day holier than other days, and another regards them all alike. Each must be fully convinced in his own mind. 14:6 The one who observes the day does it for the Lord. The one who eats, eats for the Lord because he gives thanks to God, and the one who abstains from eating abstains for the Lord, and he gives thanks to God. 14:7 For none of us lives for himself and none dies for himself. 14:8 If we live, we live for the Lord; if we die, we die for the Lord. Therefore, whether we live or die, we are the Lord's. 14:9 For this reason Christ died and returned to life, so that he may be the Lord of both the dead and the living. 14:10 But you who eat vegetables only - why do you judge your brother or sister? And you who eat everything - why do you despise your brother or sister? For we will all stand before the judgment seat of God. 14:11 For it is written, "As I live, says the Lord, every knee will bow to me, and every tongue will give praise to God." 14:12 Therefore, each of us will give an account of himself to God. 14:13 Therefore we must not pass judgment on one another, but rather determine never to place an obstacle or a trap before a brother or sister. 14:14 I know and am convinced in the Lord Jesus that there is nothing unclean in itself; still, it is unclean to the one who considers it unclean. 14:15 For if your brother or sister is distressed because of what you eat, you are no longer walking in love. Do not destroy by your food someone for whom Christ died. 14:16 Therefore do not let what you consider good be spoken of as evil. 14:17 For the kingdom of God does not consist of food and drink, but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit. 14:18 For the one who serves Christ in this way is pleasing to God and approved by people. 14:19 So then, let us pursue what makes for peace and for building up one another. 14:20 Do not destroy the work of God for the sake of food. For although all things are clean, it is wrong to cause anyone to stumble by what you eat. 14:21 It is good not to eat meat or drink wine or to do anything that causes your brother to stumble. 14:22 The faith you have, keep to yourself before God. Blessed is the one who does not judge himself by what he approves. 14:23 But the man who doubts is condemned if he eats, because he does not do so from faith, and whatever is not from faith is sin.

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Paul calls believers to live under God’s order in every part of life. They are to submit to civil authorities in their proper role, pay what they owe, fulfill God’s law by loving their neighbor, and live in moral readiness because Christ’s final salvation is drawing near.

Website-Ready Commentary Main Point: Paul tells believers to live in a way that fits both God’s present order and the coming day of Christ. They are to submit to civil authority in its proper sphere, give others what is owed, fulfill the law through love, and turn away from sinful living by putting on the Lord Jesus Christ. Commentary: Romans 13 continues the thought of Romans 12. Paul has just forbidden personal revenge and told believers to leave vengeance to God. Now he shows one way God restrains evil in society: He has appointed governing authorities to carry out public justice. So this is not a sudden change of subject. Paul is still explaining how Christians are to live faithfully in the world. He begins with a general command: every person is to be subject to governing authorities. Believers are to recognize and submit to civil authority as part of God’s ordered world. Paul’s reason is that authority does not finally arise from man alone. God has appointed authority, and existing authorities stand by His ordering. This does not mean every act of every ruler is morally right. Paul is describing the proper role of government under God, not claiming that all governments always act justly. Because authority is ordered by God, resisting rightful authority is serious. To resist authority in its proper function is to resist what God has established. Paul says such resistance brings judgment. In this context, the immediate reference is the state’s punishment, though the matter also carries moral seriousness before God. Paul then explains the normal purpose of rulers. They are meant to cause fear not for good conduct but for bad conduct. Government is supposed to reward what is good and punish what is evil. If a person does what is right, he ordinarily has no reason to fear the authority and may even receive its approval. The ruler is called God’s servant for your good. That title matters. Government is not ultimate or divine. It is a servant under God and accountable to Him. But if someone does wrong, he should be afraid, because the ruler does not bear the sword for nothing. The sword points to the government’s real authority to punish wrongdoing. Paul is not trying to answer every political question here. His point is that public authority has a real punitive role. This also shows how Romans 12 and Romans 13 fit together: private vengeance is forbidden, but public justice still has a legitimate place under God. So believers should submit not only to avoid punishment but also for conscience’ sake. Christian obedience in this area is not merely pragmatic. It is not simply a way to stay out of trouble. It is part of living before God with a clear moral awareness that He has ordered human society in this way. That is why Paul says believers also pay taxes. Authorities are servants in this governing work, and taxes support that public task. He then broadens the point: give each person what is owed. Pay taxes where taxes are due, revenue where revenue is due, respect where respect is due, and honor where honor is due. Christian submission is not merely inward. It takes visible, ordinary form in paying lawful obligations and showing proper respect. In verse 8, Paul shifts from debts that can be paid to one debt that is never finished. “Owe no one anything” should not be taken as a simple ban on every kind of borrowing or financial arrangement. In this context, Paul is saying believers should pay what they owe, and then he contrasts those limited obligations with the continuing duty to love one another. Love is a debt that never ends. Paul says that the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law. He then lists several commandments: do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet. If there is any other commandment, it is summed up in this word: “Love your neighbor as yourself.” His point is especially focused on commandments that govern how we treat other people. Love does not replace God’s moral law with vague feelings. Rather, love fulfills the law because it refuses to do harm to a neighbor. That is why Paul can say love does no wrong to a neighbor. So love is the fulfillment of the law. This does not mean love is whatever we choose to call loving. Paul defines it by God’s commands. Love does not violate another person’s marriage, life, property, or stir up wrongful desire for what belongs to another. Biblical love has moral shape. Then Paul adds a new note of urgency: believers know the time. It is already the hour to wake up from sleep. Paul is not turning to idle end-times speculation. He is using the nearness of God’s coming salvation to press ethical seriousness in the present. Our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed. Here, “salvation” points to the final completion of our deliverance when Christ returns. Paul describes the present age as night and the coming consummation as daybreak. The night is far gone, and the day is near. Therefore believers must lay aside the works of darkness and put on the weapons of light. Since God’s day is approaching, Christians must no longer live in ways that belong to the darkness. The imagery is moral, vivid, and urgent. The future is meant to shape the present. Paul then makes this very concrete. Believers must walk properly, as people who belong to the daytime. He names sins of public excess such as carousing and drunkenness, sexual sins such as immorality and sensuality, and social sins such as strife and jealousy. That last pair matters. Paul does not treat relational sins as minor. Discord and jealousy also belong to the darkness and must be rejected. The whole section reaches its climax in verse 14: “Put on the Lord Jesus Christ.” This is more than a poetic image. It is a call to a life openly shaped by Christ’s lordship. Believers are to clothe themselves, as it were, with Christ, so that their conduct reflects that they belong to Him. Along with that, they must make no provision for the flesh. That means they must not plan for sinful desire, feed it, or set the stage for it. Holiness includes refusing the patterns that strengthen temptation. So this passage presents a unified ethic. In public life, believers submit to civil authority under God and give what is owed. In personal relationships, they fulfill the law by loving their neighbor in concrete, moral ways. In moral conduct, they live as people of the coming day, casting off darkness and putting on Christ. Key Truths: - Civil authority is established by God, but it serves under God and is not absolute. - Believers must render what is owed, including taxes, respect, and honor. - Love fulfills the law because it does no wrong to the neighbor. - The coming day of Christ should make believers spiritually awake and morally serious. - Christians must reject works of darkness and put on the Lord Jesus Christ.

• Civil authority is established by God, but it serves under God and is not absolute. - Believers must render what is owed, including taxes, respect, and honor. - Love fulfills the law because it does no wrong to the neighbor. - The coming day of Christ should make believers spiritually awake and morally serious. - Christians must reject works of darkness and put on the Lord Jesus Christ.

• This passage does not teach unquestioning obedience to every command of every ruler. - Paul describes the normal and proper function of government, not a claim that all rulers always act justly. - 'Owe no one anything' is not best read as a blanket ban on every possible financial debt. - Love must not be turned into vague approval detached from God’s commands. - Do not minimize relational sins like strife and jealousy
• Paul places them among the works of darkness.

Paul does not present the state as sacred. He places governing authority within God's ordered world, where its role is derivative and functional. The paragraph then turns on the language of owing: taxes and honor are debts that should be rendered, but love remains a debt never exhausted. The closing images of sleep, night, daylight, and armor press holiness into the present, so the unit resists both political absolutism and a soft, undefined view of love.

- Submit to civil authority in its proper sphere as part of obedience to God. - Pay lawful obligations and show proper respect and honor. - Measure love by whether your actions harm or help your neighbor in concrete ways. - Treat temptation seriously by refusing habits and situations that feed the flesh. - Live each day in light of Christ’s coming, with spiritual alertness and visible holiness.

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