{ "schema_version": "abbreviations_dictionary_public_v2", "canonical_url": "https://ai-bible-commentary.com/reference/abbreviations/", "json_url": "https://ai-bible-commentary.com/data/reference/abbreviations.json", "entries": [ { "abbr": "1 Cor", "display": "1 Cor", "primary_meaning": "First Epistle to the Corinthians", "short_definition": "Paul's first letter to the church in Corinth.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "1 Co", "I Cor" ], "usage_note": "1 Cor is the standard abbreviation; Roman numeral I is also used.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "1-cor", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1 John", "display": "1 John", "primary_meaning": "First Epistle of John", "short_definition": "Letter attributed to the Apostle John.", "category": "Bible Book 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to the Thessalonians", "short_definition": "Paul's first letter to the Thessalonian church.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "1 Thes", "I Thess" ], "usage_note": "1 Thess is standard; I Thess uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "1-thess", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1 Tim", "display": "1 Tim", "primary_meaning": "First Epistle to Timothy", "short_definition": "Paul's first letter to Timothy.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "I Tim" ], "usage_note": "1 Tim is standard; I Tim uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "1-tim", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Cor", "display": "2 Cor", "primary_meaning": "Second Epistle to the Corinthians", "short_definition": "Paul's second letter to the church in Corinth.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "2 Co", "II Cor" ], "usage_note": "2 Cor is standard; II Cor is a Roman numeral variant.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "2-cor", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 John", "display": "2 John", "primary_meaning": "Second Epistle of John", "short_definition": "Second letter attributed to John.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "II John" ], "usage_note": "2 John is standard; II John uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "2-john", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Pet", "display": "2 Pet", "primary_meaning": "Second Epistle of Peter", "short_definition": "Second letter attributed to Peter.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "II Pet" ], "usage_note": "2 Pet is standard; II Pet uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "2-pet", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Thess", "display": "2 Thess", "primary_meaning": "Second Epistle to the Thessalonians", "short_definition": "Paul's second letter to the Thessalonian church.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "2 Thes", "II Thess" ], "usage_note": "2 Thess is standard; II Thess uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "2-thess", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Tim", "display": "2 Tim", "primary_meaning": "Second Epistle to Timothy", "short_definition": "Paul's second letter to Timothy.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "II Tim" ], "usage_note": "2 Tim is standard; II Tim uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "2-tim", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "3 John", "display": "3 John", "primary_meaning": "Third Epistle of John", "short_definition": "Third letter attributed to John.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "III John" ], "usage_note": "3 John is standard; III John uses Roman numeral.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "3-john", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Acts", "display": "Acts", "primary_meaning": "Acts of the Apostles", "short_definition": "Narrative of the early church after Jesus' resurrection.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ac" ], "usage_note": "Commonly abbreviated as Acts or Ac.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "acts", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Col", "display": "Col", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to the Colossians", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to the church in Colossae.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Co" ], "usage_note": "Col is standard; Co is less common and can be ambiguous.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Epistle to the Colossians", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "note": "Primary meaning in biblical context." }, { "meaning": "Company (abbreviation in other contexts)", "category": "General Abbreviations", "note": "Not biblical." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "col", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Eph", "display": "Eph", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to the Ephesians", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to the church in Ephesus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ep" ], "usage_note": "Eph is standard; Ep is less common.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "eph", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Gal", "display": "Gal", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to the Galatians", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to the churches in Galatia.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ga" ], "usage_note": "Gal is the common abbreviation; Ga is less frequent.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "gal", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Heb", "display": "Heb", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to the Hebrews", "short_definition": "Letter to the Hebrews, authorship traditionally uncertain.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Heb is the standard abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "heb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Jas", "display": "Jas", "primary_meaning": "Epistle of James", "short_definition": "Letter attributed to James, brother of Jesus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Jam" ], "usage_note": "Jas is standard; Jam is less common.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "jas", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "John", "display": "John", "primary_meaning": "Gospel of John", "short_definition": "The fourth Gospel, highlighting the divinity of Jesus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Jn" ], "usage_note": "Abbreviated as John or Jn; Jn is frequent in scholarly texts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "john", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Jude", "display": "Jude", "primary_meaning": "Epistle of Jude", "short_definition": "Letter attributed to Jude, brother of James.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Jude is typically abbreviated as Jude without shortening.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "jude", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Luke", "display": "Luke", "primary_meaning": "Gospel of Luke", "short_definition": "The third Gospel, emphasizing the universal message of Jesus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Lk" ], "usage_note": "Abbreviated as Luke or Lk in references.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "luke", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Mark", "display": "Mark", "primary_meaning": "Gospel of Mark", "short_definition": "The second Gospel, focusing on the ministry of Jesus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Mk" ], "usage_note": "Abbreviated as Mark or Mk; Mk is common in Bible references.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "mark", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Matt", "display": "Matt", "primary_meaning": "Gospel of Matthew", "short_definition": "The first book of the New Testament, recounting the life and teachings of Jesus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Mt" ], "usage_note": "Commonly abbreviated as Matt or Mt in scholarly works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "matt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Phil", "display": "Phil", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to the Philippians", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to the church in Philippi.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Php", "Pp" ], "usage_note": "Phil is standard; Php is also used in some contexts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "phil", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Phlm", "display": "Phlm", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to Philemon", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to Philemon.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Phm" ], "usage_note": "Phlm and Phm are both used; Phlm is more explicit.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "phlm", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Rev", "display": "Rev", "primary_meaning": "Book of Revelation", "short_definition": "Apocalyptic book attributed to John.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Re", "Rv" ], "usage_note": "Rev is standard; Re and Rv are less common variants.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "rev", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Rom", "display": "Rom", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to the Romans", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to the Christian community in Rome.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ro", "Rm" ], "usage_note": "Rom is standard; Ro and Rm are less common variants.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "rom", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Titus", "display": "Titus", "primary_meaning": "Epistle to Titus", "short_definition": "Paul's letter to Titus.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "New Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Titus is typically abbreviated as Titus without shortening.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Common biblical abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "titus", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1 Chr", "display": "1 Chr", "primary_meaning": "1 Chronicles", "short_definition": "The thirteenth book of the Old Testament, retelling Israel's history focusing on Judah.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "I Chr", "1Ch" ], "usage_note": "1 Chr is the common abbreviation in academic contexts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "1-chr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1 Kgs", "display": "1 Kgs", "primary_meaning": "1 Kings", "short_definition": "The eleventh book of the Old Testament, covering Israel's monarchy after David.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "I Kgs", "1Ki" ], "usage_note": "1 Kgs is the preferred abbreviation in academic works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "1-kgs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1 Sam", "display": "1 Sam", "primary_meaning": "1 Samuel", "short_definition": "The ninth book of the Old Testament, narrating the life of Samuel and Saul.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "I Sam", "1Sa" ], "usage_note": "1 Sam is the standard abbreviation; numeral precedes book name.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "1-sam", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Chr", "display": "2 Chr", "primary_meaning": "2 Chronicles", "short_definition": "The fourteenth book of the Old Testament, continuing the history of Judah.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "II Chr", "2Ch" ], "usage_note": "2 Chr is standard in scholarly works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "2-chr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Kgs", "display": "2 Kgs", "primary_meaning": "2 Kings", "short_definition": "The twelfth book of the Old Testament, continuing the history of Israel and Judah.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "II Kgs", "2Ki" ], "usage_note": "2 Kgs is standard in scholarly literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "2-kgs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Sam", "display": "2 Sam", "primary_meaning": "2 Samuel", "short_definition": "The tenth book of the Old Testament, focusing on King David's reign.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "II Sam", "2Sa" ], "usage_note": "2 Sam is the standard scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "2-sam", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Amos", "display": "Amos", "primary_meaning": "Amos", "short_definition": "The thirtieth book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic oracles.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Amos is typically not abbreviated further.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "amos", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Dan", "display": "Dan", "primary_meaning": "Daniel", "short_definition": "The twenty-seventh book of the Old Testament, featuring visions and stories.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Dan is the standard abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "dan", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Deut", "display": "Deut", "primary_meaning": "Deuteronomy", "short_definition": "The fifth book of the Old Testament, featuring Moses' speeches and laws.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Dt" ], "usage_note": "Deut is the preferred abbreviation in scholarly works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "deut", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Eccl", "display": "Eccl", "primary_meaning": "Ecclesiastes", "short_definition": "The twenty-first book of the Old Testament, reflecting on life's meaning.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Eccles" ], "usage_note": "Eccl is the standard abbreviation in academic works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "eccl", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Esth", "display": "Esth", "primary_meaning": "Esther", "short_definition": "The seventeenth book of the Old Testament, telling the story of Queen Esther.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Est" ], "usage_note": "Esth is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "esth", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Exod", "display": "Exod", "primary_meaning": "Exodus", "short_definition": "The second book of the Old Testament, recounting Israel's departure from Egypt.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ex" ], "usage_note": "Exod is the standard abbreviation in scholarly works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "exod", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ezek", "display": "Ezek", "primary_meaning": "Ezekiel", "short_definition": "The twenty-sixth book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic visions.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Eze", "Ezk" ], "usage_note": "Ezek is the preferred scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "ezek", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ezra", "display": "Ezra", "primary_meaning": "Ezra", "short_definition": "The fifteenth book of the Old Testament, describing the return from exile.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Ezra is usually abbreviated as Ezra without shortening.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "ezra", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Gen", "display": "Gen", "primary_meaning": "Genesis", "short_definition": "The first book of the Old Testament, describing creation and early history.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ge", "Gn" ], "usage_note": "Commonly abbreviated as Gen in Protestant Bibles.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style", "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "gen", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Hab", "display": "Hab", "primary_meaning": "Habakkuk", "short_definition": "The thirty-fifth book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic dialogues.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Hab is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "hab", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Hag", "display": "Hag", "primary_meaning": "Haggai", "short_definition": "The thirty-seventh book of the Old Testament, a prophetic book.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Hag is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "hag", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Hos", "display": "Hos", "primary_meaning": "Hosea", "short_definition": "The twenty-eighth book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic messages.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Hos is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "hos", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Isa", "display": "Isa", "primary_meaning": "Isaiah", "short_definition": "The twenty-third book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic writings.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Is" ], "usage_note": "Isa is the standard scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "isa", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Jer", "display": "Jer", "primary_meaning": "Jeremiah", "short_definition": "The twenty-fourth book of the Old Testament, featuring the prophet Jeremiah.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Je", "Jr" ], "usage_note": "Jer is the common abbreviation in academic works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "jer", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Job", "display": "Job", "primary_meaning": "Job", "short_definition": "The eighteenth book of the Old Testament, exploring the problem of suffering.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Job is typically not abbreviated further.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "job", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Joel", "display": "Joel", "primary_meaning": "Joel", "short_definition": "The twenty-ninth book of the Old Testament, a prophetic book.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Joel is usually not abbreviated further.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "joel", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Jonah", "display": "Jonah", "primary_meaning": "Jonah", "short_definition": "The thirty-second book of the Old Testament, telling the story of the prophet Jonah.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Jonah is usually not abbreviated further.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "jonah", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Josh", "display": "Josh", "primary_meaning": "Joshua", "short_definition": "The sixth book of the Old Testament, describing the conquest of Canaan.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Jos" ], "usage_note": "Josh is the standard abbreviation in Protestant Bibles.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "josh", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Judg", "display": "Judg", "primary_meaning": "Judges", "short_definition": "The seventh book of the Old Testament, covering Israel's early history under judges.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Jdg", "Jg" ], "usage_note": "Judg is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "judg", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Lam", "display": "Lam", "primary_meaning": "Lamentations", "short_definition": "The twenty-fifth book of the Old Testament, poems mourning Jerusalem's destruction.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Lam is the standard abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "lam", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Lev", "display": "Lev", "primary_meaning": "Leviticus", "short_definition": "The third book of the Old Testament, containing laws and priestly rituals.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Lv" ], "usage_note": "Lev is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "lev", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Mal", "display": "Mal", "primary_meaning": "Malachi", "short_definition": "The thirty-ninth book of the Old Testament, the last prophetic book.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Mal is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "mal", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Mic", "display": "Mic", "primary_meaning": "Micah", "short_definition": "The thirty-third book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic messages.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Mic is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "mic", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Nah", "display": "Nah", "primary_meaning": "Nahum", "short_definition": "The thirty-fourth book of the Old Testament, a prophetic book.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Nah is the standard abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "nah", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Neh", "display": "Neh", "primary_meaning": "Nehemiah", "short_definition": "The sixteenth book of the Old Testament, focusing on the rebuilding of Jerusalem.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Neh is the standard abbreviation in scholarly works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "neh", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Num", "display": "Num", "primary_meaning": "Numbers", "short_definition": "The fourth book of the Old Testament, detailing Israel's wilderness wanderings.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Nm" ], "usage_note": "Num is standard in academic contexts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "num", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Obad", "display": "Obad", "primary_meaning": "Obadiah", "short_definition": "The thirty-first book of the Old Testament, a short prophetic book.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Ob" ], "usage_note": "Obad is the standard abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "obad", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Prov", "display": "Prov", "primary_meaning": "Proverbs", "short_definition": "The twentieth book of the Old Testament, containing wise sayings and teachings.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Prv" ], "usage_note": "Prov is the common scholarly abbreviation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "prov", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ps", "display": "Ps", "primary_meaning": "Psalms", "short_definition": "The nineteenth book of the Old Testament, a collection of religious songs and prayers.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Pss" ], "usage_note": "Ps is the standard abbreviation for Psalms.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "ps", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ruth", "display": "Ruth", "primary_meaning": "Ruth", "short_definition": "The eighth book of the Old Testament, telling the story of Ruth and Naomi.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Ruth is usually abbreviated as Ruth without shortening.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Protestant Bible Abbreviations" ], "page_anchor": "ruth", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Song", "display": "Song", "primary_meaning": "Song of Songs", "short_definition": "The twenty-second book of the Old Testament, a poetic love dialogue.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Song of Solomon", "SOS" ], "usage_note": "Song is the common abbreviation; also called Canticles.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Song of Songs", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "note": "Also known as Song of Solomon or Canticles." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "song", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Zech", "display": "Zech", "primary_meaning": "Zechariah", "short_definition": "The thirty-eighth book of the Old Testament, containing prophetic visions.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Zech is the standard abbreviation in scholarly literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "zech", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Zeph", "display": "Zeph", "primary_meaning": "Zephaniah", "short_definition": "The thirty-sixth book of the Old Testament, a prophetic book.", "category": "Bible Book Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Old Testament", "alternate_forms": [ "Zep" ], "usage_note": "Zeph is the standard abbreviation in academic works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL Handbook of Style" ], "page_anchor": "zeph", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BHQ", "display": "BHQ", "primary_meaning": "Biblia Hebraica Quinta", "short_definition": "Ongoing critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, successor to BHS with updated textual notes.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Biblia Hebraica Quinta" ], "usage_note": "Used increasingly in advanced Hebrew Bible scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "bhq", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BHS", "display": "BHS", "primary_meaning": "Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia", "short_definition": "Critical edition of the Hebrew Bible based on the Leningrad Codex with Masoretic notes.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia" ], "usage_note": "Standard scholarly edition for Hebrew Bible textual studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "bhs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ECM", "display": "ECM", "primary_meaning": "Editio Critica Maior", "short_definition": "Comprehensive critical edition of the New Testament based on extensive manuscript evidence.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Editio Critica Maior" ], "usage_note": "Highly detailed apparatus used in advanced textual criticism.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "textual criticism" ], "page_anchor": "ecm", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "LXX", "display": "LXX", "primary_meaning": "Septuagint", "short_definition": "Ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, widely used in early Christianity.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Septuagint" ], "usage_note": "Commonly cited in biblical studies for Old Testament textual comparisons.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "lxx", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "MT", "display": "MT", "primary_meaning": "Masoretic Text", "short_definition": "Traditional Hebrew text of the Old Testament preserved by the Masoretes.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Commonly compared with the Septuagint, Dead Sea Scrolls, Samaritan Pentateuch, and other witnesses.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical-studies usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "mt" }, { "abbr": "NA27", "display": "NA27", "primary_meaning": "Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th edition", "short_definition": "Previous edition of the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament text.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Nestle-Aland 27" ], "usage_note": "Still cited in many scholarly works though superseded by NA28.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "na27", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NA28", "display": "NA28", "primary_meaning": "Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th edition", "short_definition": "Current critical edition of the Greek New Testament text with apparatus.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Nestle-Aland 28" ], "usage_note": "Widely used in New Testament textual criticism and translation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "na28", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "OL", "display": "OL", "primary_meaning": "Old Latin", "short_definition": "Early Latin translations of the Bible before Jerome's Vulgate.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Old Latin", "Vetus Latina" ], "usage_note": "Used interchangeably with Vetus Latina in some contexts.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Old Latin", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "note": "Early Latin biblical texts." }, { "meaning": "Vetus Latina", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "note": "Another term for Old Latin versions." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Latin biblical studies" ], "page_anchor": "ol", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Pesh.", "display": "Pesh.", "primary_meaning": "Peshitta", "short_definition": "Standard Syriac version of the Bible used by Syriac-speaking churches.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Peshitta" ], "usage_note": "Important for textual comparison in Semitic biblical studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Syriac studies" ], "page_anchor": "pesh", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "SBLGNT", "display": "SBLGNT", "primary_meaning": "Society of Biblical Literature Greek New Testament", "short_definition": "Open-access critical edition of the Greek New Testament published by the SBL.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "SBL Greek New Testament" ], "usage_note": "Popular for academic use due to free availability and modern formatting.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "SBL publications" ], "page_anchor": "sblgnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Syr.", "display": "Syr.", "primary_meaning": "Syriac Versions", "short_definition": "General abbreviation for various Syriac biblical texts including Peshitta and others.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Syriac" ], "usage_note": "Used when the specific Syriac version is not specified.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Peshitta", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "note": "Standard Syriac Bible version." }, { "meaning": "Old Syriac", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "note": "Earlier Syriac versions predating the Peshitta." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Syriac studies" ], "page_anchor": "syr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "THGNT", "display": "THGNT", "primary_meaning": "Tyndale House Greek New Testament", "short_definition": "Recent critical edition of the Greek New Testament from Tyndale House, Cambridge.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Tyndale House GNT" ], "usage_note": "Noted for its textual decisions and modern apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Tyndale House publications" ], "page_anchor": "thgnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "TR", "display": "TR", "primary_meaning": "Textus Receptus", "short_definition": "Printed Greek New Testament tradition underlying the King James Version New Testament.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Often discussed in textual criticism and Bible version debates.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard textual criticism usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "tr" }, { "abbr": "UBS4", "display": "UBS4", "primary_meaning": "United Bible Societies Greek New Testament, 4th edition", "short_definition": "Earlier edition of the UBS Greek New Testament text.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "UBS 4" ], "usage_note": "Still referenced in some older scholarly literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "ubs4", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "UBS5", "display": "UBS5", "primary_meaning": "United Bible Societies Greek New Testament, 5th edition", "short_definition": "Critical Greek New Testament edition designed for translators and scholars.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "UBS 5" ], "usage_note": "Preferred by many translators for its textual apparatus and clarity.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "ubs5", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Vet. Lat.", "display": "Vet. Lat.", "primary_meaning": "Vetus Latina", "short_definition": "Collection of Old Latin biblical texts predating the Vulgate.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Old Latin" ], "usage_note": "Important for studying early Latin biblical transmission.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Latin biblical studies" ], "page_anchor": "vet-lat", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Vulg.", "display": "Vulg.", "primary_meaning": "Latin Vulgate", "short_definition": "Jerome's late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible, standard in Western Christianity.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "Ancient Versions and Textual Editions", "alternate_forms": [ "Vulgate" ], "usage_note": "Frequently referenced in textual criticism and historical theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "vulg", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ASV", "display": "ASV", "primary_meaning": "American Standard Version", "short_definition": "An early 20th-century American English Bible translation, literal in style.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Important for textual comparison; basis for RSV.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "historical usage", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "asv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "CEB", "display": "CEB", "primary_meaning": "Common English Bible", "short_definition": "A recent English Bible translation aiming for clear, contemporary language.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Produced by a broad coalition of scholars and denominations.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "ceb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "CSB", "display": "CSB", "primary_meaning": "Christian Standard Bible", "short_definition": "A modern English Bible translation balancing accuracy and readability.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Popular in evangelical circles; successor to HCSB.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "common usage" ], "page_anchor": "csb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DRB", "display": "DRB", "primary_meaning": "Douay-Rheims Bible", "short_definition": "An English translation of the Latin Vulgate used by Catholics before the 20th century.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [ "Douay-Rheims" ], "usage_note": "Important in Catholic tradition; predecessor to modern Catholic translations.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "historical usage", "Catholic scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "drb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ESV", "display": "ESV", "primary_meaning": "English Standard Version", "short_definition": "An essentially literal modern English translation published in 2001.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Widely used in evangelical scholarship and churches.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "esv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "GNT", "display": "GNT", "primary_meaning": "Good News Translation", "short_definition": "A simple English Bible translation originally called Today's English Version.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [ "TEV" ], "usage_note": "Used for easy reading and outreach.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "common usage" ], "page_anchor": "gnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "HCSB", "display": "HCSB", "primary_meaning": "Holman Christian Standard Bible", "short_definition": "A predecessor to the CSB, known for clear contemporary English.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Replaced by CSB but still referenced in some works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "historical usage" ], "page_anchor": "hcsb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "KJV", "display": "KJV", "primary_meaning": "King James Version", "short_definition": "A classic English Bible translation completed in 1611, known for its majestic style.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [ "Authorized Version", "AV" ], "usage_note": "Widely used in traditional Protestant contexts; often cited in older literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage", "common pastoral use" ], "page_anchor": "kjv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "LEB", "display": "LEB", "primary_meaning": "Lexham English Bible", "short_definition": "A literal English Bible translation designed for digital study and interlinear use.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used mainly in academic and digital Bible study contexts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "leb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NASB", "display": "NASB", "primary_meaning": "New American Standard Bible", "short_definition": "A highly literal English Bible translation known for accuracy to original texts.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Preferred in academic and conservative evangelical contexts for study.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "nasb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NET", "display": "NET", "primary_meaning": "New English Translation", "short_definition": "A modern English translation notable for extensive translators' notes.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Valued for transparency in translation decisions and textual notes.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "net", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NIV", "display": "NIV", "primary_meaning": "New International Version", "short_definition": "A popular dynamic-equivalence English Bible translation first published in 1978.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "One of the most widely read modern English Bibles worldwide.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "common usage" ], "page_anchor": "niv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NKJV", "display": "NKJV", "primary_meaning": "New King James Version", "short_definition": "A modern update of the KJV preserving its style with contemporary language.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Popular among those who prefer KJV style with modern readability.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information", "common usage" ], "page_anchor": "nkjv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NLT", "display": "NLT", "primary_meaning": "New Living Translation", "short_definition": "A dynamic-equivalence English Bible translation emphasizing readability.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Popular for devotional reading and teaching.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "common usage" ], "page_anchor": "nlt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NRSV", "display": "NRSV", "primary_meaning": "New Revised Standard Version", "short_definition": "An ecumenical English Bible translation known for inclusive language.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Widely used in academic and liturgical settings.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "nrsv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "RSV", "display": "RSV", "primary_meaning": "Revised Standard Version", "short_definition": "A mid-20th century English Bible translation updating the ASV.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Predecessor to the NRSV, still cited in scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "historical usage", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "rsv", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "WEB", "display": "WEB", "primary_meaning": "World English Bible", "short_definition": "A public domain English Bible translation based on the American Standard Version.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used in open-source and digital projects.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "digital Bible projects" ], "page_anchor": "web", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "YLT", "display": "YLT", "primary_meaning": "Young's Literal Translation", "short_definition": "A very literal English Bible translation by Robert Young from 1862.", "category": "Bible Versions and Textual Editions", "subcategory": "English Bible Versions", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Valued for literalness but often awkward English.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "historical usage", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "ylt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1 Clem.", "display": "First Epistle of Clement", "primary_meaning": "An early Christian letter traditionally attributed to Clement of Rome.", "short_definition": "Early Christian letter to the Corinthian church.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "1 Clement" ], "usage_note": "Frequently cited in early Christian studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "1-clem", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1QH", "display": "Hymns Scroll", "primary_meaning": "A Dead Sea Scroll containing hymns and psalms.", "short_definition": "Qumran hymnal manuscript.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Hodayot" ], "usage_note": "Used in studies of Jewish worship and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Dead Sea Scrolls scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "1qh", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1QM", "display": "War Scroll", "primary_meaning": "Dead Sea Scroll describing eschatological war.", "short_definition": "Qumran text on apocalyptic battle.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Milhama" ], "usage_note": "Important for apocalyptic studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Dead Sea Scrolls scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "1qm", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "1QS", "display": "Community Rule", "primary_meaning": "A key Dead Sea Scroll text outlining the rules of the Qumran community.", "short_definition": "Qumran sectarian rule text.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Serekh HaYahad" ], "usage_note": "Important for understanding Qumran community life.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Dead Sea Scrolls scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "1qs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "2 Clem.", "display": "Second Epistle of Clement", "primary_meaning": "An early Christian homily traditionally attributed to Clement of Rome.", "short_definition": "Early Christian homily attributed to Clement.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "2 Clement" ], "usage_note": "Used in studies of early Christian literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "2-clem", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ag. Ap.", "display": "Against Apion", "primary_meaning": "Josephus's defense of Judaism against anti-Jewish polemics.", "short_definition": "Josephus's apologetic work defending Judaism.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Against Apion" ], "usage_note": "Cited in discussions of Jewish self-defense and Hellenistic context.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical studies usage" ], "page_anchor": "ag-ap", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ant.", "display": "Antiquities of the Jews", "primary_meaning": "A historical work by Josephus covering Jewish history from creation to the Jewish War.", "short_definition": "Josephus's comprehensive history of the Jewish people.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Antiquities" ], "usage_note": "Commonly cited in biblical studies for historical context.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical studies usage", "Josephus scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "ant", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "b.", "display": "Babylonian Talmud", "primary_meaning": "The Babylonian edition of the Talmud.", "short_definition": "Babylonian Talmud text.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Bab. Talmud" ], "usage_note": "Most commonly studied Talmudic text.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Jewish studies" ], "page_anchor": "b", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Barn.", "display": "Epistle of Barnabas", "primary_meaning": "Early Christian epistle attributed to Barnabas, not the apostle.", "short_definition": "Early Christian letter called Barnabas.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used in studies of early Christian thought and allegory.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "barn", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "CD", "display": "CD", "primary_meaning": "Damascus Document", "short_definition": "Dead Sea Scrolls text containing community rules, legal material, and admonitions.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Damascus Document", "Cairo Damascus Document" ], "usage_note": "In biblical-studies contexts CD often means Damascus Document; in modern theology it may mean Barth's Church Dogmatics.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Damascus Document", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "note": "Common Dead Sea Scrolls usage." }, { "meaning": "Church Dogmatics", "category": "Theology", "note": "Common in Karl Barth studies." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard Dead Sea Scrolls usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "cd" }, { "abbr": "Did.", "display": "Didache", "primary_meaning": "An early Christian treatise containing teachings and church order.", "short_definition": "Early Christian manual of teaching and practice.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles" ], "usage_note": "Valuable for early Christian liturgy and ethics.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "did", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DSS", "display": "DSS", "primary_meaning": "Dead Sea Scrolls", "short_definition": "Ancient Jewish manuscripts discovered near the Dead Sea, including biblical and sectarian texts.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Qumran Scrolls" ], "usage_note": "Important for Old Testament textual criticism and Second Temple Jewish background.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical-studies usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "dss" }, { "abbr": "Herm.", "display": "The Shepherd of Hermas", "primary_meaning": "An early Christian literary work of visions and parables.", "short_definition": "Early Christian allegorical text.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Shepherd of Hermas" ], "usage_note": "Important for understanding early Christian ethics and church order.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "herm", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ign.", "display": "Ignatius of Antioch", "primary_meaning": "Letters of Ignatius, early Christian bishop and martyr.", "short_definition": "Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Ignatius" ], "usage_note": "Important for early Christian theology and ecclesiology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "ign", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "J.W.", "display": "The Jewish War", "primary_meaning": "Josephus's account of the Jewish revolt against Rome (66–70 CE).", "short_definition": "Josephus's narrative of the Jewish-Roman war.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Jewish War" ], "usage_note": "Often cited for historical background on the first-century Jewish context.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical studies usage", "Josephus scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "j-w", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Life", "display": "Life of Josephus", "primary_meaning": "Autobiographical work by Josephus describing his life and career.", "short_definition": "Josephus's autobiography.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Vita" ], "usage_note": "Provides personal background on Josephus, useful for understanding his perspective.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical studies usage" ], "page_anchor": "life", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "m.", "display": "Mishnah (tractate)", "primary_meaning": "Abbreviation for a tractate of the Mishnah.", "short_definition": "Specific tractate in the Mishnah.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "m" ], "usage_note": "Used in citations of Mishnah sections.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Jewish studies" ], "page_anchor": "m", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Mishnah", "display": "Mishnah", "primary_meaning": "The first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions.", "short_definition": "Core text of Jewish oral law.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Fundamental for rabbinic Judaism and biblical interpretation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Jewish studies", "rabbinic literature" ], "page_anchor": "mishnah", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NHC", "display": "NHC", "primary_meaning": "Nag Hammadi Codices", "short_definition": "Collection of early Christian and Gnostic texts discovered near Nag Hammadi, Egypt.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Nag Hammadi Codices" ], "usage_note": "Often cited in studies of early Christian diversity and Gnostic literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard early Christian studies usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "nhc" }, { "abbr": "Pol.", "display": "Epistle of Polycarp", "primary_meaning": "Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, an early Christian text.", "short_definition": "Letter from Polycarp to Philippians.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Polycarp" ], "usage_note": "Valuable for early Christian history and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Apostolic Fathers scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "pol", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Pseudepigrapha", "display": "Pseudepigrapha", "primary_meaning": "Ancient Jewish writings falsely attributed to biblical figures.", "short_definition": "Non-canonical Jewish writings.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Important for understanding Jewish thought outside the Bible.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "biblical studies" ], "page_anchor": "pseudepigrapha", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Talmud", "display": "Talmud", "primary_meaning": "Central text of Rabbinic Judaism, combining Mishnah and Gemara.", "short_definition": "Rabbinic legal and interpretive text.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Essential for Jewish law and biblical exegesis.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Jewish studies" ], "page_anchor": "talmud", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Tg.", "display": "Tg.", "primary_meaning": "Targum", "short_definition": "Aramaic translation or paraphrase of the Hebrew Bible.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Targ.", "Tgs." ], "usage_note": "Used for Targum references; specific Targums may have more precise abbreviations.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical-studies usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "tg" }, { "abbr": "y.", "display": "Jerusalem Talmud", "primary_meaning": "The Jerusalem edition of the Talmud.", "short_definition": "Jerusalem Talmud text.", "category": "Ancient Primary Sources", "subcategory": "Jewish, Greco-Roman, Rabbinic, and Early Christian Sources", "alternate_forms": [ "Yerushalmi" ], "usage_note": "Less extensive than Babylonian Talmud but important for study.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Jewish studies" ], "page_anchor": "y", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BAGD", "display": "BAGD", "primary_meaning": "Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich-Danker Greek-English Lexicon", "short_definition": "Earlier edition of BDAG, a key Greek-English lexicon for NT studies.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Predecessor to BDAG, still cited in scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical Greek lexicon" ], "page_anchor": "bagd", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BDAG", "display": "BDAG", "primary_meaning": "Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich Greek-English Lexicon", "short_definition": "Standard modern Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and early Christian literature.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [ "Bauer Lexicon" ], "usage_note": "Widely used for detailed meanings of Greek NT words.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical Greek lexicon" ], "page_anchor": "bdag", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BDB", "display": "BDB", "primary_meaning": "Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon", "short_definition": "Classic Hebrew-English lexicon for the Old Testament Hebrew language.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Standard lexicon for biblical Hebrew, especially classical OT Hebrew.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical Hebrew lexicon" ], "page_anchor": "bdb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BDF", "display": "BDF", "primary_meaning": "Bauer-Danker-Friedrich Greek Grammar", "short_definition": "Standard grammar of New Testament Greek.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [ "Bauer Grammar" ], "usage_note": "Widely used for NT Greek syntax and morphology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "NT Greek grammar" ], "page_anchor": "bdf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DCH", "display": "DCH", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of Classical Hebrew", "short_definition": "Comprehensive dictionary of classical Hebrew language.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on Hebrew outside the biblical text, including inscriptions and literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "classical Hebrew dictionary" ], "page_anchor": "dch", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DJG", "display": "DJG", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels", "short_definition": "Dictionary focused on Jesus and the Gospels in biblical studies.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Useful for specialized study of Jesus and Gospel topics.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "biblical dictionary" ], "page_anchor": "djg", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DNTB", "display": "DNTB", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of New Testament Background", "short_definition": "Dictionary providing cultural and historical background for NT studies.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Helpful for understanding social and cultural context of NT texts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "NT background dictionary" ], "page_anchor": "dntb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DPL", "display": "DPL", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of Paul and His Letters", "short_definition": "Dictionary focused on Paul and the Pauline epistles.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Specialized resource for Pauline studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "biblical dictionary" ], "page_anchor": "dpl", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "GKC", "display": "GKC", "primary_meaning": "Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar", "short_definition": "Classic grammar of biblical Hebrew by Wilhelm Gesenius.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [ "Gesenius" ], "usage_note": "Standard reference grammar for biblical Hebrew morphology and syntax.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "biblical Hebrew grammar" ], "page_anchor": "gkc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "HALOT", "display": "HALOT", "primary_meaning": "Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament", "short_definition": "Comprehensive lexicon covering Hebrew and Aramaic of the OT.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [ "HALOT" ], "usage_note": "Modern lexicon often preferred for nuanced Hebrew and Aramaic meanings.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon" ], "page_anchor": "halot", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "IBHS", "display": "IBHS", "primary_meaning": "Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax", "short_definition": "Introductory textbook on biblical Hebrew syntax by Bruce K. Waltke and M. O'Connor.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Widely used for learning Hebrew syntax in biblical studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "biblical Hebrew syntax" ], "page_anchor": "ibhs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "LN", "display": "LN", "primary_meaning": "Louw & Nida Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament", "short_definition": "Abbreviation for Louw-Nida semantic domain lexicon.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [ "Louw-Nida" ], "usage_note": "Same as Louw-Nida; used interchangeably.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "semantic domain lexicon" ], "page_anchor": "ln", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Louw-Nida", "display": "Louw & Nida", "primary_meaning": "Semantic Domain Lexicon of New Testament Greek", "short_definition": "Lexicon organizing Greek NT words by semantic domains.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [ "LN" ], "usage_note": "Useful for studying semantic relationships in NT Greek vocabulary.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "semantic domain lexicon" ], "page_anchor": "louw-nida", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "LSJ", "display": "LSJ", "primary_meaning": "Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon", "short_definition": "Comprehensive lexicon of classical Greek language.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and 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"approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NIDOTTE", "display": "NIDOTTE", "primary_meaning": "New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis", "short_definition": "Comprehensive dictionary of OT theology and Hebrew terms with exegetical notes.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, Grammar, and Theological Reference", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Useful for theological and exegetical study of OT Hebrew words.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "theological dictionary" ], "page_anchor": "nidotte", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "TDNT", "display": "TDNT", "primary_meaning": "Theological Dictionary of the New Testament", "short_definition": "Multi-volume theological dictionary of NT Greek words.", "category": "Lexicons, Grammars, and Theological Dictionaries", "subcategory": "Greek, Hebrew, 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true }, { "abbr": "Wallace", "display": "Wallace", "primary_meaning": "Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics", "short_definition": "Intermediate to advanced grammar of New Testament Greek by Daniel B. 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"Abingdon Bible Commentary", "category": "Commentary Series", "note": "Less common, but occasionally used abbreviation." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "academic usage", "publisher references" ], "page_anchor": "ab", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ACCS", "display": "ACCS", "primary_meaning": "Abingdon Classic Commentaries Series", "short_definition": "A series of classic evangelical commentaries reprinted by Abingdon Press.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on classic evangelical scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "accs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "AOTC", "display": "AOTC", "primary_meaning": "Apollos Old Testament Commentary", "short_definition": "An evangelical commentary series focused on Old Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [ "Apollos" ], "usage_note": "Often cited in evangelical Old Testament studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "aotc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Apollos", "display": "Apollos Commentary Series", "primary_meaning": "Apollos Old Testament Commentary Series", "short_definition": "An evangelical commentary series on Old Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Known for evangelical theological perspective and accessibility.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher 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"primary_meaning": "Expositor's Bible Commentary", "short_definition": "A widely used evangelical commentary series covering the whole Bible.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Balances scholarly detail with practical application.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information", "study references" ], "page_anchor": "ebc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "EGGNT", "display": "EGGNT", "primary_meaning": "Expositor's Greek Testament", "short_definition": "A classic critical commentary on the Greek New Testament.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Valued for detailed linguistic analysis of the Greek text.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "classic commentary references" ], "page_anchor": "eggnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Hermeneia", "display": "Hermeneia", "primary_meaning": "Hermeneia Commentary Series", "short_definition": "A critical and historical commentary series with emphasis on original languages.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Highly regarded in academic biblical scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "academic references", "publisher listings" ], "page_anchor": "hermeneia", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ICC", "display": "ICC", "primary_meaning": "International Critical Commentary", "short_definition": "A classic scholarly commentary series with critical and historical focus.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Highly respected for historical-critical scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "academic biblical commentary references" ], "page_anchor": "icc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NAC", "display": "NAC", "primary_meaning": "New American Commentary", "short_definition": "An evangelical commentary series on the entire Bible.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Popular in evangelical circles for accessible scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information", "evangelical commentary guides" ], "page_anchor": "nac", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NICNT", "display": "NICNT", "primary_meaning": "New International Commentary on the New Testament", "short_definition": "A scholarly evangelical commentary series on the New Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Commonly cited in evangelical and academic New Testament studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard evangelical commentary references", "publisher listings" ], "page_anchor": "nicnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NICOT", "display": "NICOT", "primary_meaning": "New International Commentary on the Old Testament", "short_definition": "A scholarly evangelical commentary series on the Old Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible 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true }, { "abbr": "NIVAC", "display": "NIVAC", "primary_meaning": "NIV Application Commentary", "short_definition": "An evangelical commentary series focusing on applying biblical texts.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Bridges scholarly insight with practical application.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information", "evangelical commentary guides" ], "page_anchor": "nivac", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Pillar", "display": "Pillar Commentary", "primary_meaning": "Pillar New Testament Commentary", "short_definition": "Alternate name for the Pillar New Testament Commentary series.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [ "PNTC" ], "usage_note": "Commonly 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Bible Commentary series.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Incorporates recent scholarship and revisions.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "rebc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "THNTC", "display": "THNTC", "primary_meaning": "Tyndale House New Testament Commentary", "short_definition": "A concise evangelical commentary series on New Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Balances scholarly rigor with accessibility.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "thntc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "TNTC", "display": "TNTC", "primary_meaning": "Tyndale New Testament Commentary", "short_definition": "A concise evangelical commentary series on New Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Widely used for introductory and intermediate study.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information", "study guides" ], "page_anchor": "tntc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "TOTC", "display": "TOTC", "primary_meaning": "Tyndale Old Testament Commentary", "short_definition": "A concise evangelical commentary series on Old Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Popular for accessible Old Testament scholarship.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information", "study guides" ], "page_anchor": "totc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "WBC", "display": "WBC", "primary_meaning": "Word Biblical Commentary", "short_definition": "A critical and technical commentary series covering the entire Bible.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Known for detailed linguistic and textual analysis.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "academic biblical commentary catalogs" ], "page_anchor": "wbc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ZECNT", "display": "ZECNT", "primary_meaning": "Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament", "short_definition": "A detailed evangelical commentary series on New Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Emphasizes exegesis and theological reflection.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "zecnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ZECOT", "display": "ZECOT", "primary_meaning": "Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the Old Testament", "short_definition": "A detailed evangelical commentary series on Old Testament books.", "category": "Commentary Series", "subcategory": "Old Testament, New Testament, and Whole-Bible Commentary Series", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Known for thorough exegesis and theological insight.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "zecot", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BBR", "display": "BBR", "primary_meaning": "Bulletin for Biblical Research", "short_definition": "Journal publishing research in biblical studies with evangelical orientation.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Includes articles on biblical languages, archaeology, and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic usage" ], "page_anchor": "bbr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Bib", "display": "Bib", "primary_meaning": "Biblica", "short_definition": "International journal of biblical studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes articles on biblical texts, history, and interpretation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "bib", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BZ", "display": "BZ", "primary_meaning": "Biblische Zeitschrift", "short_definition": "German journal for biblical studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes scholarly articles on biblical texts and theology, primarily in German.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "bz", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "CBQ", "display": "CBQ", "primary_meaning": "Catholic Biblical Quarterly", "short_definition": "Journal publishing biblical scholarship from a Catholic perspective.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Includes articles on biblical exegesis, theology, and archaeology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic usage" ], "page_anchor": "cbq", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DSD", "display": "DSD", "primary_meaning": "Dead Sea Discoveries", "short_definition": "Journal publishing research on the Dead Sea Scrolls and related topics.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on Qumran studies, Second Temple Judaism, and early Christianity.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "dsd", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ExpTim", "display": "ExpTim", "primary_meaning": "The Expository Times", "short_definition": "Journal of biblical and theological studies with a focus on exposition.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Covers biblical interpretation, theology, and preaching.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic usage" ], "page_anchor": "exptim", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "HTR", "display": "HTR", "primary_meaning": "Harvard Theological Review", "short_definition": "Interdisciplinary journal covering theology and religious studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes research on biblical studies, history of religions, and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "htr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JBL", "display": "JBL", "primary_meaning": "Journal of Biblical Literature", "short_definition": "A leading scholarly journal publishing research in biblical studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Widely cited in biblical scholarship, covers Old and New Testament studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "common academic usage", "publisher websites" ], "page_anchor": "jbl", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JETS", "display": "JETS", "primary_meaning": "Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society", "short_definition": "Academic journal publishing evangelical theological research.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on evangelical perspectives in biblical and theological studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "ETS official site", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "jets", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JQR", "display": "JQR", "primary_meaning": "Jewish Quarterly Review", "short_definition": "Scholarly journal focusing on Jewish studies and biblical literature.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Includes research on Jewish history, literature, and religion.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "jqr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JSHJ", "display": "JSHJ", "primary_meaning": "Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus", "short_definition": "Journal dedicated to research on the historical Jesus.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes scholarly articles on Jesus in historical context.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "jshj", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JSJ", "display": "JSJ", "primary_meaning": "Journal for the Study of Judaism", "short_definition": "Academic journal specializing in Jewish studies and Second Temple literature.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on Jewish history, literature, and religion in antiquity.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic usage" ], "page_anchor": "jsj", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JSNT", "display": "JSNT", "primary_meaning": "Journal for the Study of the New Testament", "short_definition": "Academic journal focusing on New Testament studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes critical and theological research on the New Testament.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly citations" ], "page_anchor": "jsnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JSOT", "display": "JSOT", "primary_meaning": "Journal for the Study of the Old Testament", "short_definition": "Scholarly journal dedicated to Old Testament research.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Covers historical, literary, and theological studies of the Old Testament.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "jsot", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JSPS", "display": "JSPS", "primary_meaning": "Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha and Related Literature", "short_definition": "Journal focusing on pseudepigraphal and related ancient texts.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes research on pseudepigrapha, apocrypha, and related literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "jsps", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "JTS", "display": "JTS", "primary_meaning": "Journal of Theological Studies", "short_definition": "Academic journal covering theology and biblical studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes articles on biblical texts, theology, and church history.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "jts", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NovT", "display": "NovT", "primary_meaning": "Novum Testamentum", "short_definition": "International journal for New Testament research.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes articles on New Testament texts, history, and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly citations" ], "page_anchor": "novt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NTS", "display": "NTS", "primary_meaning": "New Testament Studies", "short_definition": "Leading journal for scholarly research on the New Testament.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Covers historical, literary, and theological studies of the New Testament.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "nts", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "RBL", "display": "RBL", "primary_meaning": "Review of Biblical Literature", "short_definition": "Online journal publishing reviews of biblical studies literature.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Provides critical reviews of books in biblical studies and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic usage" ], "page_anchor": "rbl", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "SBJT", "display": "SBJT", "primary_meaning": "Southern Baptist Journal of Theology", "short_definition": "Journal publishing Southern Baptist theological scholarship.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on evangelical and Southern Baptist theological issues.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "sbjt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Them", "display": "Them", "primary_meaning": "Themelios", "short_definition": "Evangelical theological journal publishing scholarly articles and reviews.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on evangelical theology and biblical studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic citations" ], "page_anchor": "them", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "TynBul", "display": "TynBul", "primary_meaning": "Tyndale Bulletin", "short_definition": "Journal publishing biblical and theological research from an evangelical perspective.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [ "TynB" ], "usage_note": "Published by Tyndale House, Cambridge; covers biblical studies and theology.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Tyndale House publications", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "tynbul", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "VT", "display": "VT", "primary_meaning": "Vetus Testamentum", "short_definition": "International journal specializing in Old Testament studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes research on Hebrew Bible and related fields.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher info", "scholarly citations" ], "page_anchor": "vt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "WTJ", "display": "WTJ", "primary_meaning": "Westminster Theological Journal", "short_definition": "Journal publishing evangelical theological and biblical scholarship.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Known for conservative Reformed theological perspectives.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "wtj", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ZAW", "display": "ZAW", "primary_meaning": "Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft", "short_definition": "German journal specializing in Old Testament studies.", "category": "Journals and Academic Periodicals", "subcategory": "Biblical Studies, Theology, and Related Academic Journals", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Publishes scholarly articles on Old Testament and related fields.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "academic references" ], "page_anchor": "zaw", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ABD", "display": "Anchor Bible Dictionary", "primary_meaning": "Anchor Bible Dictionary", "short_definition": "Comprehensive six-volume Bible dictionary with scholarly articles on biblical topics.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [ "Anchor Bible Dict." ], "usage_note": "Widely cited in biblical scholarship for detailed entries on biblical terms, people, places, and themes.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage", "publisher information" ], "page_anchor": "abd", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "AYBD", "display": "AYBD", "primary_meaning": "Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary", "short_definition": "Major Bible dictionary/reference work, often associated with or cited alongside ABD.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [ "ABD" ], "usage_note": "Use context to distinguish older ABD references from Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary references.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard biblical-studies usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "aybd" }, { "abbr": "DLNT", "display": "Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments", "short_definition": "Dictionary covering the New Testament and early Christian developments.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on the New Testament period and subsequent theological developments.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly citations" ], "page_anchor": "dlnt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DOTP", "display": "Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch", "short_definition": "Dictionary focused on the Pentateuch books of the Old Testament.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Useful for detailed study of Genesis through Deuteronomy.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly citations" ], "page_anchor": "dotp", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "DOTWPW", "display": "Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings", "primary_meaning": "Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings", "short_definition": "Dictionary covering Old Testament wisdom literature, poetry, and writings.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Focuses on Psalms, Proverbs, Job, and related texts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "dotwpw", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "EDB", "display": "Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible", "primary_meaning": "Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible", "short_definition": "Comprehensive dictionary with scholarly articles on biblical topics, published by Eerdmans.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [ "Eerdmans Dictionary" ], "usage_note": "Highly regarded for its scholarly yet accessible articles.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "edb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "EDBT", "display": "EDBT", "primary_meaning": "Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology", "short_definition": "Evangelical reference work focused on biblical theology themes across Scripture.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Often associated with Baker reference works and evangelical biblical-theology study.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "manual QA correction", "publisher/reference-work usage" ], "page_anchor": "edbt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "EDT", "display": "EDT", "primary_meaning": "Evangelical Dictionary of Theology", "short_definition": "Major evangelical theological dictionary associated with Walter A. Elwell and later editors.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Commonly cited in evangelical theological study; distinguish from similarly titled dictionaries if a bibliography gives a different expansion.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "manual QA correction", "publisher/reference-work usage" ], "page_anchor": "edt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ISBE", "display": "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", "primary_meaning": "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", "short_definition": "Classic multi-volume Bible encyclopedia with detailed articles on biblical subjects.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [ "ISBE Revised" ], "usage_note": "Often used for historical and theological background on biblical topics.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "isbe", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "IVP dictionaries", "display": "IVP Bible Dictionaries", "primary_meaning": "IVP Bible Dictionaries", "short_definition": "Series of Bible dictionaries published by InterVarsity Press covering various biblical topics.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [ "IVP Bible Dicts." ], "usage_note": "Popular evangelical resources for biblical reference.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ivp-dictionaries", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NDBT", "display": "New Dictionary of Biblical Theology", "primary_meaning": "New Dictionary of Biblical Theology", "short_definition": "Dictionary focusing on biblical theology topics and themes.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Useful for theological studies grounded in biblical texts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly references" ], "page_anchor": "ndbt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NIDB", "display": "NIDB", "primary_meaning": "New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible", "short_definition": "Major multi-volume Bible dictionary used in biblical studies and theological research.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Do not confuse with shorter or similarly named 'New International' Bible dictionaries; in scholarly bibliography NIDB commonly refers to New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "note": "Common academic/reference-work usage." }, { "meaning": "New International Dictionary of the Bible", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "note": "A different reference work; check the bibliography if the context is unclear." } ], "confidence": "medium", "source_basis": [ "manual QA correction", "standard reference-work usage" ], "page_anchor": "nidb", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NIDNTT", "display": "New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology", "primary_meaning": "New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology", "short_definition": "Multi-volume dictionary focusing on New Testament theology.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [ "NIDNTT" ], "usage_note": "Standard reference for theological terms in the New Testament.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly citations" ], "page_anchor": "nidntt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "TWOT", "display": "Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament", "primary_meaning": "Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament", "short_definition": "Lexical and theological dictionary of Old Testament Hebrew words.", "category": "Reference Works and Encyclopedias", "subcategory": "Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Companion Reference Works", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Valuable for Hebrew word studies and theological meanings.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "publisher", "scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "twot", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "A", "display": "Codex Alexandrinus", "primary_meaning": "Codex Alexandrinus", "short_definition": "A 5th-century Greek manuscript of the Bible, important for New Testament textual criticism.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Commonly abbreviated as A in critical apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Critical editions" ], "page_anchor": "a", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "add.", "display": "add.", "primary_meaning": "added", "short_definition": "Indicates that a word or phrase is added in a manuscript or version.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Shows presence of text not found in other witnesses.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual criticism notes" ], "page_anchor": "add", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "al", "display": "al.", "primary_meaning": "alii/aliae", "short_definition": "Latin for 'others', used to indicate other manuscripts or witnesses.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Commonly used to refer to additional sources not listed individually.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Latin abbreviations in scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "al", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "arm", "display": "Armenian", "primary_meaning": "Armenian version", "short_definition": "The Armenian translation of the Bible, dating from the 5th century.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used as a textual witness in biblical studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Version studies" ], "page_anchor": "arm", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "B", "display": "Codex Vaticanus", "primary_meaning": "Codex Vaticanus", "short_definition": "A 4th-century Greek manuscript of the Bible, highly valued in textual criticism.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Standard siglum B denotes Codex Vaticanus in apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Critical editions" ], "page_anchor": "b-2", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Byz", "display": "Byz", "primary_meaning": "Byzantine text tradition", "short_definition": "Greek New Testament textual tradition associated with the Byzantine manuscript stream.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [ "Byzantine" ], "usage_note": "Often contrasted with Alexandrian, Western, Majority Text, or critical-text readings.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard textual criticism usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "byz" }, { "abbr": "C", "display": "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus", "primary_meaning": "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus", "short_definition": "A 5th-century Greek manuscript of the Bible, a palimpsest with biblical texts.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Abbreviated as C in textual apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual criticism references" ], "page_anchor": "c", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "cop", "display": "Coptic", "primary_meaning": "Coptic versions", "short_definition": "Early Egyptian translations of the Bible in Coptic dialects.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Valuable for textual criticism of the New Testament.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Version studies" ], "page_anchor": "cop", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "D", "display": "Codex Bezae", "primary_meaning": "Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis", "short_definition": "A 5th-century Greek-Latin manuscript of the New Testament, notable for its distinctive text.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Siglum D refers to Codex Bezae in apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard critical editions" ], "page_anchor": "d", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "eth", "display": "Ethiopic", "primary_meaning": "Ethiopic (Ge'ez) version", "short_definition": "The ancient Ethiopian translation of the Bible in Ge'ez language.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Important for textual criticism and history of the biblical text.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Version studies" ], "page_anchor": "eth", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "geo", "display": "Georgian", "primary_meaning": "Georgian version", "short_definition": "The Georgian translation of the Bible, used as a textual witness.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Valuable for comparative textual studies.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Version studies" ], "page_anchor": "geo", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "lac.", "display": "lac.", "primary_meaning": "lacuna", "short_definition": "A gap or missing portion in a manuscript or text.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Indicates where text is lost or unreadable in manuscripts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual criticism apparatus" ], "page_anchor": "lac", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Maj", "display": "Maj", "primary_meaning": "Majority Text", "short_definition": "Greek New Testament textual tradition based on the majority of later manuscripts.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [ "Majority Text" ], "usage_note": "Do not confuse with majuscule manuscripts; in many New Testament textual contexts, Maj refers to the Majority Text.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Majority Text", "category": "Textual Criticism", "note": "Common New Testament textual usage." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard textual criticism usage", "manual curation" ], "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true, "page_anchor": "maj" }, { "abbr": "ms", "display": "ms", "primary_meaning": "manuscript", "short_definition": "A single handwritten document or codex.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to refer to one manuscript witness.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "General scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ms", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "mss", "display": "mss", "primary_meaning": "manuscripts", "short_definition": "Plural of manuscript; multiple handwritten documents or codices.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to refer to multiple manuscript witnesses.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "General scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "mss", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "om.", "display": "om.", "primary_meaning": "omitted", "short_definition": "Indicates that a word or phrase is omitted in a manuscript or version.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used in textual notes to show absence of text in a witness.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual apparatus conventions" ], "page_anchor": "om", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Q", "display": "Q", "primary_meaning": "Codex Guelferbytanus B / Q (026)", "short_definition": "Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels designated Q or 026 in New Testament manuscript classification.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [ "026" ], "usage_note": "In manuscript lists Q can designate Codex Guelferbytanus B. In other contexts Q may mean the hypothetical Synoptic source or appear inside Qumran cave sigla such as 1Q.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Codex Guelferbytanus B / Q (026)", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "note": "New Testament manuscript designation." }, { "meaning": "Hypothetical Q source", "category": "Synoptic Gospels Studies", "note": "Used in source criticism, not a manuscript witness." }, { "meaning": "Qumran cave siglum component", "category": "Dead Sea Scrolls", "note": "Seen in forms such as 1Q, 4Q, etc." } ], "confidence": "medium", "source_basis": [ "manual QA correction", "New Testament textual criticism usage" ], "page_anchor": "q", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "syr", "display": "Syriac", "primary_meaning": "Syriac versions", "short_definition": "Early translations of the Bible into Syriac, including Peshitta and others.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Important witnesses to the biblical text in the East.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Version studies" ], "page_anchor": "syr-2", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "txt", "display": "text", "primary_meaning": "text", "short_definition": "Refers to the text or wording under discussion.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used in apparatus to indicate the textual reading.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual criticism usage" ], "page_anchor": "txt", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "vg", "display": "Vulgate", "primary_meaning": "Latin Vulgate", "short_definition": "The Latin translation of the Bible largely completed by Jerome in the late 4th century.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Often cited as a major version in textual criticism.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Biblical version studies" ], "page_anchor": "vg", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "vid.", "display": "vid.", "primary_meaning": "videlicet", "short_definition": "Latin for 'namely' or 'that is to say', used to clarify or specify.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common in scholarly apparatus to introduce examples or clarifications.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Latin abbreviations in scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "vid", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "W", "display": "Codex Washingtonianus", "primary_meaning": "Codex Washingtonianus", "short_definition": "A 4th or 5th-century Greek manuscript of the Gospels.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Abbreviated W in textual apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual criticism literature" ], "page_anchor": "w", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Θ", "display": "Codex Koridethi (Theta)", "primary_meaning": "Codex Koridethi", "short_definition": "A 9th-century Greek manuscript of the Gospels, symbolized by the Greek letter Theta (Θ).", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [ "Theta" ], "usage_note": "Theta (Θ) is the standard siglum for this manuscript.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Critical editions" ], "page_anchor": "abbr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Ψ", "display": "Codex Athous Lavrensis (Psi)", "primary_meaning": "Codex Athous Lavrensis", "short_definition": "A 9th-century Greek manuscript of the Gospels, abbreviated by the Greek letter Psi (Ψ).", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [ "Psi" ], "usage_note": "Psi (Ψ) is the siglum used in apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Textual criticism sources" ], "page_anchor": "abbr-2", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "א", "display": "Aleph (א)", "primary_meaning": "Codex Sinaiticus", "short_definition": "A 4th-century Greek manuscript of the Bible, one of the oldest complete copies of the New Testament.", "category": "Textual Criticism and Manuscript Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Witnesses, Manuscripts, Versions, and Apparatus Terms", "alternate_forms": [ "Aleph" ], "usage_note": "Symbol א (Aleph) is standard siglum for Codex Sinaiticus in textual apparatus.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard critical editions" ], "page_anchor": "aleph", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ANF", "display": "Ante-Nicene Fathers", "primary_meaning": "Ante-Nicene Fathers", "short_definition": "Collection of early Christian writings from before the Council of Nicaea.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common abbreviation in patristic and church-history citations.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard scholarly usage", "Common theological references" ], "page_anchor": "anf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "BOC", "display": "Book of Concord", "primary_meaning": "Book of Concord", "short_definition": "Collection of Lutheran confessional writings.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common in Lutheran confessional and church-history literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Lutheran theological references" ], "page_anchor": "boc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "CCC", "display": "Catechism of the Catholic Church", "primary_meaning": "Catechism of the Catholic Church", "short_definition": "Official catechism summarizing Roman Catholic doctrine.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common in Catholic theology and comparative doctrinal literature.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "Catechism of the Catholic Church", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "note": "Most common usage in Catholic contexts" }, { "meaning": "Christian Classics Collection", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "note": "Less common usage referring to collections of classic Christian writings" } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Catholic theological references", "General Christian literature" ], "page_anchor": "ccc", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "CCEL", "display": "Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "primary_meaning": "Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "short_definition": "Online digital library of Christian texts.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Often used for public-domain Christian classics and historical theology texts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Widely used digital resource", "Academic references" ], "page_anchor": "ccel", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Denzinger", "display": "Enchiridion Symbolorum", "primary_meaning": "Denzinger / Enchiridion Symbolorum", "short_definition": "Collection of creeds, definitions, and doctrinal declarations in Roman Catholic theology.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [ "Denz.", "Enchiridion Symbolorum" ], "usage_note": "Often cited by editor/name and edition; exact numbering can differ by edition.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Catholic theological scholarship" ], "page_anchor": "denzinger", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ECF", "display": "Early Church Fathers", "primary_meaning": "Early Church Fathers", "short_definition": "General abbreviation referring to early Christian writers and writings.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "This is a broad category abbreviation; use the precise work or edition when available.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard theological usage" ], "page_anchor": "ecf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Inst.", "display": "Institutes of the Christian Religion", "primary_meaning": "Institutes of the Christian Religion", "short_definition": "John Calvin's major theological work.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Usually refers to Calvin's Institutes when used in Reformation-theology citations.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard theological references" ], "page_anchor": "inst", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "LBCF", "display": "London Baptist Confession of Faith", "primary_meaning": "London Baptist Confession of Faith", "short_definition": "Historic Baptist confession of faith, commonly referring to the 1689 confession.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [ "1689 LBCF" ], "usage_note": "Common in Reformed Baptist theological and confessional literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard Baptist theological references" ], "page_anchor": "lbcf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "NPNF", "display": "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers", "primary_meaning": "Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers", "short_definition": "Collection of Christian writings from the Nicene and post-Nicene periods.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common abbreviation in patristic and church-history citations.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard scholarly usage", "Common theological references" ], "page_anchor": "npnf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "Schaff", "display": "Philip Schaff", "primary_meaning": "Philip Schaff", "short_definition": "Church historian and editor associated with major patristic and church-history collections.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Often appears in references to Schaff-edited or Schaff-associated church-history works.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Church history literature" ], "page_anchor": "schaff", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "WCF", "display": "Westminster Confession of Faith", "primary_meaning": "Westminster Confession of Faith", "short_definition": "Historic Reformed confession of faith from the Westminster Assembly.", "category": "Theological and Church-History Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Patristic Collections, Confessions, and Historical Theology", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common in Reformed theological and confessional literature.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "Standard theological references", "Church history literature" ], "page_anchor": "wcf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ca.", "display": "ca.", "primary_meaning": "circa", "short_definition": "Approximately (used with dates or numbers).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [ "c.", "circa" ], "usage_note": "Indicates an approximate date or quantity when exact information is unknown.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ca", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "cf.", "display": "cf.", "primary_meaning": "confer", "short_definition": "Compare (used to refer readers to other material for comparison).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Commonly used in scholarly writing to suggest comparison with another source or passage.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "cf", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ch.", "display": "ch.", "primary_meaning": "chapter", "short_definition": "Chapter (division of a book).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to indicate a chapter number in a book or document.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ch", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "chs.", "display": "chs.", "primary_meaning": "chapters", "short_definition": "Chapters (plural).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to indicate multiple chapters.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "chs", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "contra", "display": "contra", "primary_meaning": "against", "short_definition": "Used to indicate opposition or contrast with a previous statement or source.", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Common in theological or scholarly debate to signal disagreement or opposing view.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "contra", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "e.g.", "display": "e.g.", "primary_meaning": "exempli gratia", "short_definition": "For example (introduces examples).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to introduce one or more examples but not an exhaustive list.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "e-g", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ed.", "display": "ed.", "primary_meaning": "editor or edition", "short_definition": "Editor (person) or edition (version of a work).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Context determines whether it refers to an editor or a particular edition of a book.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "editor", "category": "Editorial Abbreviations", "note": "Refers to the person who edited the work." }, { "meaning": "edition", "category": "Bibliographic Abbreviations", "note": "Refers to a specific edition or version of a publication." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ed", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "eds.", "display": "eds.", "primary_meaning": "editors", "short_definition": "Editors (plural).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used when multiple editors are responsible for a work.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "eds", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "et al.", "display": "et al.", "primary_meaning": "et alii", "short_definition": "And others (used for multiple authors).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used when citing works with multiple authors to avoid listing all names.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "et-al", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "fol.", "display": "fol.", "primary_meaning": "folio", "short_definition": "Folio (leaf or page number in manuscripts).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to cite folio numbers in manuscripts or early printed books.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "fol", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "fols.", "display": "fols.", "primary_meaning": "folios", "short_definition": "Folios (plural).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to cite multiple folios in manuscripts or early printed books.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "fols", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "i.e.", "display": "i.e.", "primary_meaning": "id est", "short_definition": "That is (used to clarify or restate).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to clarify or specify a statement more precisely.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "i-e", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ibid.", "display": "ibid.", "primary_meaning": "ibidem", "short_definition": "In the same place (refers to the immediately preceding source).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used in footnotes or endnotes to refer to the same source as the previous citation.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ibid", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "idem", "display": "idem", "primary_meaning": "the same", "short_definition": "The same author or source as previously mentioned.", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to indicate the same author or source in citations without repeating full details.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "idem", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "l.", "display": "l.", "primary_meaning": "line", "short_definition": "Line (single line reference).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to indicate a specific line in a text, often in poetry or manuscripts.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "l", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ll.", "display": "ll.", "primary_meaning": "lines", "short_definition": "Lines (multiple lines).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to indicate multiple lines in a text.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ll", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "ms.", "display": "ms.", "primary_meaning": "manuscript", "short_definition": "Manuscript (single handwritten or original document).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Refers to a single manuscript source.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "ms-2", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "mss.", "display": "mss.", "primary_meaning": "manuscripts", "short_definition": "Manuscripts (plural).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Refers to multiple manuscript sources.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "mss-2", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "n.d.", "display": "n.d.", "primary_meaning": "no date", "short_definition": "No publication date given.", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used when the date of publication is unknown or not provided.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "n-d", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "n.p.", "display": "n.p.", "primary_meaning": "no place or no publisher", "short_definition": "No place of publication or no publisher given.", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used when the place of publication or publisher is unknown or not stated.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "no place", "category": "Bibliographic Abbreviations", "note": "No place of publication given." }, { "meaning": "no publisher", "category": "Bibliographic Abbreviations", "note": "No publisher given." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "n-p", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "p.", "display": "p.", "primary_meaning": "page", "short_definition": "Page (single page reference).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to cite a single page in a work.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "p", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "pp.", "display": "pp.", "primary_meaning": "pages", "short_definition": "Pages (multiple pages).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to cite a range or multiple pages.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "pp", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "repr.", "display": "repr.", "primary_meaning": "reprint", "short_definition": "Reprint (a later printing of a work).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Indicates that the work is a reprint of an earlier edition.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "repr", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "s.v.", "display": "s.v.", "primary_meaning": "sub verbo", "short_definition": "Under the word (used in reference works).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Refers to an entry under a specific word or term in dictionaries or encyclopedias.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "s-v", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "trans.", "display": "trans.", "primary_meaning": "translator or translated", "short_definition": "Translator or translated (indicates translation).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Used to indicate the person who translated a work or that the work is a translation.", "ambiguity": true, "possible_meanings": [ { "meaning": "translator", "category": "Editorial Abbreviations", "note": "Person who translated the work." }, { "meaning": "translated", "category": "Bibliographic Abbreviations", "note": "Indicates the work is a translation." } ], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "trans", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "vol.", "display": "vol.", "primary_meaning": "volume", "short_definition": "Volume (part of a multi-volume work).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Refers to a single volume within a set or series.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "vol", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true }, { "abbr": "vols.", "display": "vols.", "primary_meaning": "volumes", "short_definition": "Volumes (plural).", "category": "General Scholarly Abbreviations", "subcategory": "Citation, Latin, Bibliographic, and Editorial Abbreviations", "alternate_forms": [], "usage_note": "Refers to multiple volumes of a work.", "ambiguity": false, "possible_meanings": [], "confidence": "high", "source_basis": [ "standard scholarly usage" ], "page_anchor": "vols", "review_status": "approved", "include_on_public_page": true } ] }